1 00:00:08,000 --> 00:01:06,670 [Music] 2 00:01:11,570 --> 00:01:09,230 good morning from Philadelphia Frank 3 00:01:14,420 --> 00:01:11,580 here with another edition of UFO news 4 00:01:19,219 --> 00:01:14,430 network Sunday this morning joined by 5 00:01:21,679 --> 00:01:19,229 dr. Michael P masters who is let me get 6 00:01:24,200 --> 00:01:21,689 this straight here a Biola professor of 7 00:01:27,200 --> 00:01:24,210 biological anthropology researching 8 00:01:30,620 --> 00:01:27,210 hominin and evolutionary Anatomy 9 00:01:33,050 --> 00:01:30,630 biomedicine archaeology astrobiology and 10 00:01:35,450 --> 00:01:33,060 the physics of human perception of time 11 00:01:39,080 --> 00:01:35,460 then that's a mouthful doctor how do you 12 00:01:41,570 --> 00:01:39,090 keep it all straight yeah it's it's it's 13 00:01:43,580 --> 00:01:41,580 fun to be diversified I guess get to get 14 00:01:45,469 --> 00:01:43,590 to dip into a lot of different areas of 15 00:01:50,300 --> 00:01:45,479 study and learn a lot of different 16 00:01:53,149 --> 00:01:50,310 things but it's it's fun and basically I 17 00:01:54,949 --> 00:01:53,159 came across your work as a result of an 18 00:01:57,740 --> 00:01:54,959 appearance you did on the Jimmy Church 19 00:01:59,149 --> 00:01:57,750 show a little over a month ago month and 20 00:02:02,210 --> 00:01:59,159 a half two months ago somewhere in that 21 00:02:04,100 --> 00:02:02,220 timeframe I got to listen to it but yeah 22 00:02:07,479 --> 00:02:04,110 we need more guys like you in the field 23 00:02:10,669 --> 00:02:07,489 talking about UFOs and some of this 24 00:02:12,280 --> 00:02:10,679 speculative stuff and with that what got 25 00:02:15,470 --> 00:02:12,290 you interested in it in the first place 26 00:02:17,390 --> 00:02:15,480 well I mean it's funny that you 27 00:02:21,170 --> 00:02:17,400 mentioned that because there is a lot of 28 00:02:23,660 --> 00:02:21,180 speculation right now and and I think I 29 00:02:25,460 --> 00:02:23,670 think it's important to to really 30 00:02:28,280 --> 00:02:25,470 acknowledge the role that science can 31 00:02:30,890 --> 00:02:28,290 play and and trying to to rein that in a 32 00:02:32,720 --> 00:02:30,900 little bit that you know we can all say 33 00:02:35,300 --> 00:02:32,730 things we can don't believe things but 34 00:02:37,610 --> 00:02:35,310 but the science actually helps us get to 35 00:02:41,540 --> 00:02:37,620 the root of that and and yeah I think 36 00:02:44,210 --> 00:02:41,550 it's it's unfortunate a little bit that 37 00:02:46,940 --> 00:02:44,220 the speculation is sort of driven a lot 38 00:02:50,509 --> 00:02:46,950 of academics away but that really 39 00:02:52,130 --> 00:02:50,519 doesn't have to be the case we can still 40 00:02:56,110 --> 00:02:52,140 approach these things and understand 41 00:02:59,270 --> 00:02:56,120 these things with a an empirical 42 00:03:01,479 --> 00:02:59,280 testable hypothesis and and that's a big 43 00:03:04,699 --> 00:03:01,489 part of what I'm trying to do here is 44 00:03:07,059 --> 00:03:04,709 present a hypothesis that that's unique 45 00:03:10,490 --> 00:03:07,069 in the sense that it is testable a 46 00:03:12,830 --> 00:03:10,500 time-travel explanation for the UFO 47 00:03:14,830 --> 00:03:12,840 phenomenon is one that that's testable 48 00:03:18,460 --> 00:03:14,840 by time itself 49 00:03:20,350 --> 00:03:18,470 and I think kind of moving into this 50 00:03:23,199 --> 00:03:20,360 area there's been there's actually been 51 00:03:25,630 --> 00:03:23,209 a little pushback from some people that 52 00:03:29,199 --> 00:03:25,640 are really staunchly into the 53 00:03:31,870 --> 00:03:29,209 extra-terrestrial hypothesis but you 54 00:03:37,020 --> 00:03:31,880 know I think that the having this 55 00:03:39,690 --> 00:03:37,030 different approach it doesn't need to be 56 00:03:43,059 --> 00:03:39,700 that these are mutually exclusive 57 00:03:45,640 --> 00:03:43,069 necessarily but there's still ways to 58 00:03:47,860 --> 00:03:45,650 sort of approach this question with an 59 00:03:50,020 --> 00:03:47,870 understanding of science and and move 60 00:03:52,199 --> 00:03:50,030 move the field forward and then 61 00:03:54,910 --> 00:03:52,209 hopefully in doing so bring more 62 00:03:57,870 --> 00:03:54,920 researchers more academics into it that 63 00:04:00,640 --> 00:03:57,880 have been somewhat put off by by the 64 00:04:04,240 --> 00:04:00,650 rampant speculation within this 65 00:04:08,380 --> 00:04:04,250 particular field of study so I guess my 66 00:04:10,600 --> 00:04:08,390 role my hope is that you know by by 67 00:04:13,440 --> 00:04:10,610 moving into this area that we can sort 68 00:04:16,180 --> 00:04:13,450 of develop a broader conversation among 69 00:04:18,219 --> 00:04:16,190 people in academia also the UFO 70 00:04:20,259 --> 00:04:18,229 community and and sort of bridge and 71 00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:20,269 unnecessary gap that's that's formed 72 00:04:31,360 --> 00:04:28,010 around this how would you go about doing 73 00:04:32,320 --> 00:04:31,370 that well like I said it's it's testable 74 00:04:34,570 --> 00:04:32,330 by time itself 75 00:04:37,590 --> 00:04:34,580 if you know I don't make specific 76 00:04:41,560 --> 00:04:37,600 predictions about when exactly we will 77 00:04:44,440 --> 00:04:41,570 develop this technology to be able to to 78 00:04:48,400 --> 00:04:44,450 return to the past based on specific 79 00:04:51,550 --> 00:04:48,410 cranial facial features of what I refer 80 00:04:56,440 --> 00:04:51,560 to as extra tempest riyals replacing 81 00:04:59,860 --> 00:04:56,450 tear for earth with time for time with 82 00:05:02,740 --> 00:04:59,870 that in mind the the features that they 83 00:05:05,200 --> 00:05:02,750 have the cranial facial morphology as we 84 00:05:06,520 --> 00:05:05,210 call it is certainly different than our 85 00:05:10,180 --> 00:05:06,530 own I mean there's there's a broad range 86 00:05:13,150 --> 00:05:10,190 of descriptions of of these individuals 87 00:05:15,790 --> 00:05:13,160 and and the main thing to keep in mind 88 00:05:19,659 --> 00:05:15,800 is that they they have the same cranial 89 00:05:22,960 --> 00:05:19,669 facial Bo plan of hominins they're 90 00:05:25,350 --> 00:05:22,970 clearly bipedal they walk upright I 91 00:05:28,460 --> 00:05:25,360 haven't seen any descriptions of 92 00:05:30,230 --> 00:05:28,470 quadrupedal or you know six legged 93 00:05:32,180 --> 00:05:30,240 aliens or anything like that but the 94 00:05:34,520 --> 00:05:32,190 fact that they have that same 95 00:05:37,310 --> 00:05:34,530 characteristic that defines us that 96 00:05:39,500 --> 00:05:37,320 defines the hominin lineage as the 97 00:05:41,240 --> 00:05:39,510 separate cladistic group and 98 00:05:44,300 --> 00:05:41,250 phylogenetic soar the study of 99 00:05:46,970 --> 00:05:44,310 evolutionary relationships taxonomy the 100 00:05:49,370 --> 00:05:46,980 fact that they have that trait alone is 101 00:05:52,240 --> 00:05:49,380 a very good indication that that we are 102 00:05:55,610 --> 00:05:52,250 closely related and then you look at the 103 00:05:58,250 --> 00:05:55,620 characteristics of the face you know the 104 00:06:01,940 --> 00:05:58,260 mouth nose eyes are all in the same 105 00:06:05,420 --> 00:06:01,950 place brain on top but probably the the 106 00:06:09,200 --> 00:06:05,430 biggest indication of this is the fact 107 00:06:12,430 --> 00:06:09,210 that they have traits that are an 108 00:06:14,990 --> 00:06:12,440 extension of the same six million year 109 00:06:18,560 --> 00:06:15,000 evolutionary trends in our own hominid 110 00:06:20,690 --> 00:06:18,570 lineage the two biggest ones in addition 111 00:06:23,930 --> 00:06:20,700 to bipedalism and adapting to that 112 00:06:26,360 --> 00:06:23,940 characteristic itself is an expanding 113 00:06:30,170 --> 00:06:26,370 brain a brain that becomes more or 114 00:06:32,690 --> 00:06:30,180 Balbus more globular as we call it it's 115 00:06:34,940 --> 00:06:32,700 moved out over top of the eyes we're one 116 00:06:37,880 --> 00:06:34,950 of the only mammals with that cranial 117 00:06:40,940 --> 00:06:37,890 facial configuration the face is 118 00:06:43,390 --> 00:06:40,950 shrunken back the eyes and the orbits of 119 00:06:47,540 --> 00:06:43,400 sort of varied over time actually did my 120 00:06:49,969 --> 00:06:47,550 PhD thesis on size and shape of for 121 00:06:52,580 --> 00:06:49,979 battle anatomy the toboni eye socket 122 00:06:55,100 --> 00:06:52,590 that houses the eye and other ocular 123 00:06:59,090 --> 00:06:55,110 soft tissues and if we look at all of 124 00:07:00,650 --> 00:06:59,100 these traits collectively the trends 125 00:07:02,810 --> 00:07:00,660 that have characterized the last six 126 00:07:06,110 --> 00:07:02,820 million years of hominid evolution on 127 00:07:08,960 --> 00:07:06,120 this planet projected forward are 128 00:07:11,510 --> 00:07:08,970 exactly what are described in the vast 129 00:07:14,150 --> 00:07:11,520 majority of these these abduction 130 00:07:16,580 --> 00:07:14,160 accounts just close encounters of 131 00:07:19,100 --> 00:07:16,590 whatever kind where where these 132 00:07:21,350 --> 00:07:19,110 individuals were actually observed so so 133 00:07:24,650 --> 00:07:21,360 that's a big a big part of it and in 134 00:07:27,710 --> 00:07:24,660 that sense projecting those things 135 00:07:30,770 --> 00:07:27,720 forward connecting our present point 136 00:07:33,409 --> 00:07:30,780 with that of the future based on this 137 00:07:36,560 --> 00:07:33,419 linkage and the anatomy of these 138 00:07:39,800 --> 00:07:36,570 individuals it is it is a prediction 139 00:07:42,470 --> 00:07:39,810 it's both a prediction about a state of 140 00:07:45,770 --> 00:07:42,480 humans in the future but also an OPS 141 00:07:47,330 --> 00:07:45,780 servation of that state at this time as 142 00:07:51,470 --> 00:07:47,340 a result of time travel technology 143 00:07:54,500 --> 00:07:51,480 itself it it bridges those those gaps in 144 00:07:57,320 --> 00:07:54,510 the fourth dimensional continuum so so I 145 00:08:00,890 --> 00:07:57,330 say it's testable because if we continue 146 00:08:03,260 --> 00:08:00,900 to exist on this planet we will 147 00:08:05,390 --> 00:08:03,270 eventually reach a point at which if 148 00:08:09,190 --> 00:08:05,400 this hypothesis is correct we will 149 00:08:12,680 --> 00:08:09,200 become them and in that sense we can 150 00:08:15,500 --> 00:08:12,690 very simply test whether or not it was 151 00:08:18,290 --> 00:08:15,510 at that point in the future will have 152 00:08:22,370 --> 00:08:18,300 been an accurate hypothesis or not 153 00:08:25,790 --> 00:08:22,380 because if we're not then the hypothesis 154 00:08:28,040 --> 00:08:25,800 has been falsified if we are at some 155 00:08:30,890 --> 00:08:28,050 point in the future the ones with these 156 00:08:33,850 --> 00:08:30,900 specific anatomical characteristics and 157 00:08:36,170 --> 00:08:33,860 we are travelling back in time and 158 00:08:40,250 --> 00:08:36,180 researching ourselves in the past then 159 00:08:42,890 --> 00:08:40,260 that this extra temp astral hypothesis 160 00:08:44,780 --> 00:08:42,900 will have been validated and that can 161 00:08:47,630 --> 00:08:44,790 you ballpark how long you think it might 162 00:08:49,730 --> 00:08:47,640 take together where we're at today - 163 00:08:53,210 --> 00:08:49,740 looking like you know I guess the 164 00:08:54,530 --> 00:08:53,220 prototypical Ichi gray because I thought 165 00:08:57,740 --> 00:08:54,540 that's the description they seem to be 166 00:09:00,170 --> 00:08:57,750 describing there yeah it is and and this 167 00:09:01,910 --> 00:09:00,180 is something that I guess I haven't 168 00:09:06,320 --> 00:09:01,920 addressed well enough in the past 169 00:09:09,440 --> 00:09:06,330 because I I keep hearing a sort of 170 00:09:12,050 --> 00:09:09,450 critiques of the idea based on a lot of 171 00:09:16,610 --> 00:09:12,060 people like to separate the greys from 172 00:09:21,050 --> 00:09:16,620 these other extras and pass drills i i i 173 00:09:26,780 --> 00:09:21,060 think they're all a part of the same 174 00:09:28,610 --> 00:09:26,790 phenomenon but if i guess a good way of 175 00:09:31,730 --> 00:09:28,620 looking at this would be if we went back 176 00:09:32,990 --> 00:09:31,740 in time and we went back ten thousand 177 00:09:35,030 --> 00:09:33,000 years in the past say we went back a 178 00:09:37,610 --> 00:09:35,040 hundred years in the past and we did we 179 00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:37,620 would do that in heartbeat oh my god 180 00:09:43,010 --> 00:09:40,410 absolutely as an anthropologist who's 181 00:09:45,500 --> 00:09:43,020 you know worked around the world doing 182 00:09:48,610 --> 00:09:45,510 archaeology blasting through rock in 183 00:09:51,830 --> 00:09:48,620 south africa digging through you know 184 00:09:54,020 --> 00:09:51,840 cave roofs that collapsed in dirt and 185 00:09:55,410 --> 00:09:54,030 and earth all sites and france and out 186 00:09:58,320 --> 00:09:55,420 here in montana native 187 00:10:00,330 --> 00:09:58,330 American sites yeah I mean I wish for a 188 00:10:03,090 --> 00:10:00,340 time machine every day when it's 95 189 00:10:04,980 --> 00:10:03,100 degrees and humid and you're you digging 190 00:10:06,570 --> 00:10:04,990 through the dirt so so there's no doubt 191 00:10:08,640 --> 00:10:06,580 that anthropologists would make very 192 00:10:09,900 --> 00:10:08,650 good use of this technology and we can 193 00:10:11,460 --> 00:10:09,910 come back to this later if you'd like 194 00:10:13,380 --> 00:10:11,470 but I think that's mostly what's 195 00:10:15,660 --> 00:10:13,390 happening here it seems like very much 196 00:10:19,590 --> 00:10:15,670 research being conducted on us in the 197 00:10:22,230 --> 00:10:19,600 same way that we would do it but yeah so 198 00:10:25,140 --> 00:10:22,240 so going back to this issue of the 199 00:10:28,290 --> 00:10:25,150 variation the morphological variability 200 00:10:30,450 --> 00:10:28,300 among these extraterrestrials if if we 201 00:10:32,550 --> 00:10:30,460 went back a hundred years we'd get out 202 00:10:34,590 --> 00:10:32,560 of our time machine walk around nobody 203 00:10:36,210 --> 00:10:34,600 would have any idea that we were 204 00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:36,220 different we we our clothes would be 205 00:10:40,710 --> 00:10:38,410 different we would speak slightly 206 00:10:42,840 --> 00:10:40,720 differently but we'd still speak the 207 00:10:45,060 --> 00:10:42,850 same language we'd look exactly like we 208 00:10:46,890 --> 00:10:45,070 go back ten thousand years obviously 209 00:10:48,630 --> 00:10:46,900 more cultural things are gonna be 210 00:10:51,690 --> 00:10:48,640 different but we're still gonna look the 211 00:10:54,780 --> 00:10:51,700 same we go back 1.5 million years now we 212 00:10:58,740 --> 00:10:54,790 look very very different from the homo 213 00:11:01,260 --> 00:10:58,750 erectus individuals we encounter we go 214 00:11:03,060 --> 00:11:01,270 back six million years to some of the 215 00:11:06,390 --> 00:11:03,070 earliest hominins roarin to condense 216 00:11:09,540 --> 00:11:06,400 this or are to Pittacus ramidus whoever 217 00:11:11,970 --> 00:11:09,550 we encounter at that time and we're 218 00:11:14,400 --> 00:11:11,980 gonna look extremely different to these 219 00:11:18,750 --> 00:11:14,410 individuals so so I think a lot of the 220 00:11:22,680 --> 00:11:18,760 variation that exists in these these UFO 221 00:11:24,690 --> 00:11:22,690 reports is I mean it could still be sex 222 00:11:26,400 --> 00:11:24,700 variation there's differences between 223 00:11:29,460 --> 00:11:26,410 males and females it could be age 224 00:11:31,050 --> 00:11:29,470 variation to some extent obviously 225 00:11:33,150 --> 00:11:31,060 four-year-olds look different than 90 226 00:11:35,490 --> 00:11:33,160 year olds there could still be some 227 00:11:38,040 --> 00:11:35,500 Geographic variation in the sense of 228 00:11:40,770 --> 00:11:38,050 what we used to refer to as race this 229 00:11:43,470 --> 00:11:40,780 idea of geographical ancestry or people 230 00:11:45,660 --> 00:11:43,480 and East Asia look different than Native 231 00:11:47,400 --> 00:11:45,670 Americans people in Africa and so on and 232 00:11:49,860 --> 00:11:47,410 so forth but but I believe in the 233 00:11:51,900 --> 00:11:49,870 context of a time machine though a lot 234 00:11:55,020 --> 00:11:51,910 of it could be temporal variation as 235 00:11:57,540 --> 00:11:55,030 well that we have differences among 236 00:12:02,400 --> 00:11:57,550 these individuals who we see at this 237 00:12:04,230 --> 00:12:02,410 present time as being variable but they 238 00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:04,240 could have come from different times so 239 00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:06,010 theoretically could have someone picked 240 00:12:12,090 --> 00:12:09,010 up by an extra time pastoral 241 00:12:14,009 --> 00:12:12,100 from 10,000 years in our future later 242 00:12:15,569 --> 00:12:14,019 that day be picked up by someone from 243 00:12:18,509 --> 00:12:15,579 one and a half million years in our 244 00:12:19,800 --> 00:12:18,519 future and those two individuals would 245 00:12:22,410 --> 00:12:19,810 look very different from one another 246 00:12:25,680 --> 00:12:22,420 simply as a result of phylogenetic 247 00:12:27,720 --> 00:12:25,690 change across that 1.5 million year 248 00:12:29,910 --> 00:12:27,730 period between ten thousand years in the 249 00:12:33,740 --> 00:12:29,920 future and 1.5 million years in the 250 00:12:37,050 --> 00:12:33,750 future so so to some extent that that 251 00:12:41,280 --> 00:12:37,060 physiological variation could be in part 252 00:12:44,189 --> 00:12:41,290 a product of of temporal ancestry as 253 00:12:47,280 --> 00:12:44,199 much as it is Geographic ancestry or or 254 00:12:48,870 --> 00:12:47,290 age sex variation as well so so it's 255 00:12:52,500 --> 00:12:48,880 hard to make a prediction we we have 256 00:12:54,629 --> 00:12:52,510 this problem and in looking at the 257 00:12:57,509 --> 00:12:54,639 fossil record - we don't have a 258 00:12:59,730 --> 00:12:57,519 representative sample of every single 259 00:13:01,860 --> 00:12:59,740 individual every single time period we 260 00:13:03,090 --> 00:13:01,870 have a ton of fossils and it's funny 261 00:13:04,889 --> 00:13:03,100 whenever we say that people were like 262 00:13:06,900 --> 00:13:04,899 all there's holes there's gaps on the 263 00:13:08,569 --> 00:13:06,910 fossil record there's missing links and 264 00:13:13,139 --> 00:13:08,579 that's not true at all we have a very 265 00:13:15,990 --> 00:13:13,149 good long picture of the the hominid 266 00:13:18,480 --> 00:13:16,000 fossil record but we don't have every 267 00:13:21,840 --> 00:13:18,490 individual that existed at every time in 268 00:13:24,329 --> 00:13:21,850 the past so when we find a new fossil we 269 00:13:27,629 --> 00:13:24,339 have to account for age variation sex 270 00:13:30,900 --> 00:13:27,639 variation there are different species 271 00:13:34,050 --> 00:13:30,910 and subspecies around many points of our 272 00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:34,060 past - so there's also inter species 273 00:13:38,939 --> 00:13:36,010 variation that we have to account for 274 00:13:41,900 --> 00:13:38,949 and and that makes it hard in the past 275 00:13:44,370 --> 00:13:41,910 but it also makes it hard in the future 276 00:13:46,500 --> 00:13:44,380 if we're getting snapshots of 277 00:13:48,720 --> 00:13:46,510 individuals from different periods in 278 00:13:52,559 --> 00:13:48,730 our future coming back to investigate us 279 00:13:54,960 --> 00:13:52,569 in our past what how do we determine 280 00:13:58,079 --> 00:13:54,970 that archetype will form you know how do 281 00:14:01,139 --> 00:13:58,089 we how do we determine what that that 282 00:14:04,829 --> 00:14:01,149 type specimen is if we're getting 283 00:14:07,769 --> 00:14:04,839 different shots of time each time we're 284 00:14:14,129 --> 00:14:07,779 being visited so so I guess a very loose 285 00:14:17,699 --> 00:14:14,139 answer to your question would be I don't 286 00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:17,709 even know it's so it's so hard to say 287 00:14:22,500 --> 00:14:19,810 and I really try very hard not to make 288 00:14:24,660 --> 00:14:22,510 predictions in the book that aren't true 289 00:14:27,960 --> 00:14:24,670 something and this is this is what I do 290 00:14:30,510 --> 00:14:27,970 for a living and I study hominin 291 00:14:32,760 --> 00:14:30,520 craniofacial anatomies so I feel like 292 00:14:36,090 --> 00:14:32,770 I'm in a very good position to make that 293 00:14:39,990 --> 00:14:36,100 prediction but but there's just so many 294 00:14:42,750 --> 00:14:40,000 factors that that go into our our 295 00:14:44,340 --> 00:14:42,760 evolution and our change that you know 296 00:14:48,930 --> 00:14:44,350 in looking at the past we can identify 297 00:14:51,270 --> 00:14:48,940 certain things that contributed to this 298 00:14:54,300 --> 00:14:51,280 unique form that we have the big giant 299 00:14:57,660 --> 00:14:54,310 brains the small faces projecting that 300 00:15:01,980 --> 00:14:57,670 forward you know it doesn't even seem to 301 00:15:04,500 --> 00:15:01,990 really matter what what what's shaping 302 00:15:07,020 --> 00:15:04,510 it per se because it's persisted over 303 00:15:09,840 --> 00:15:07,030 such a long period of time that it's 304 00:15:11,670 --> 00:15:09,850 regardless of what is driving the 305 00:15:13,590 --> 00:15:11,680 runaway brain it's probably going to 306 00:15:17,940 --> 00:15:13,600 keep going and especially you know 307 00:15:20,430 --> 00:15:17,950 things like cesarean section sort of an 308 00:15:22,170 --> 00:15:20,440 important aspect of maternal and fetal 309 00:15:24,240 --> 00:15:22,180 health that you wouldn't really think 310 00:15:27,750 --> 00:15:24,250 would have much implication for future 311 00:15:29,490 --> 00:15:27,760 human evolution but we suffer from 312 00:15:32,520 --> 00:15:29,500 something called the big head small hole 313 00:15:35,190 --> 00:15:32,530 problem and upwards of twenty five 314 00:15:38,010 --> 00:15:35,200 thirty percent of mothers died in 315 00:15:41,130 --> 00:15:38,020 childbirth giving birth to large headed 316 00:15:43,830 --> 00:15:41,140 babies mostly because of obstructions 317 00:15:45,990 --> 00:15:43,840 during labor being able to pass the baby 318 00:15:49,380 --> 00:15:46,000 through the birth canal and that over 319 00:15:52,260 --> 00:15:49,390 evolutionary time was a huge factor in 320 00:15:55,050 --> 00:15:52,270 keeping our brains relatively small in 321 00:15:57,990 --> 00:15:55,060 utero and we do most of our brain growth 322 00:16:01,260 --> 00:15:58,000 outside of the uterine environment which 323 00:16:04,260 --> 00:16:01,270 is also beneficial because of culture we 324 00:16:06,750 --> 00:16:04,270 can grow our brains at a time and in a 325 00:16:09,540 --> 00:16:06,760 very stimulus rich environment while our 326 00:16:11,430 --> 00:16:09,550 brains are growing to the fastest at 327 00:16:14,880 --> 00:16:11,440 that time as well so just being able to 328 00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:14,890 take the baby out with caesarean section 329 00:16:22,350 --> 00:16:17,610 relieves that selective pressure 330 00:16:26,820 --> 00:16:22,360 maintaining a smaller amount of in utero 331 00:16:29,610 --> 00:16:26,830 cerebral development we we no longer if 332 00:16:31,800 --> 00:16:29,620 we continue to do this and it becomes 333 00:16:35,310 --> 00:16:31,810 the standard way in which we deliver 334 00:16:36,300 --> 00:16:35,320 babies and in fact someday it may be the 335 00:16:39,930 --> 00:16:36,310 only way we can 336 00:16:41,940 --> 00:16:39,940 liver babies if if our brains are are 337 00:16:44,100 --> 00:16:41,950 having that pressure relaxed and we are 338 00:16:46,230 --> 00:16:44,110 able to grow them larger so there's 339 00:16:48,360 --> 00:16:46,240 there's a lot of things like that 340 00:16:50,490 --> 00:16:48,370 sort of and that's why I anthropologists 341 00:16:53,310 --> 00:16:50,500 talk about this in the context of bio 342 00:16:55,230 --> 00:16:53,320 cultural evolution as it's not just the 343 00:16:58,250 --> 00:16:55,240 biology and its biological evolution 344 00:17:02,269 --> 00:16:58,260 with humans it's also cultural that that 345 00:17:06,179 --> 00:17:02,279 cultural ability to cut a baby out of 346 00:17:09,240 --> 00:17:06,189 its mother isn't something other animals 347 00:17:11,069 --> 00:17:09,250 can do and we we evolved to those those 348 00:17:14,490 --> 00:17:11,079 cultural things too like lactose 349 00:17:16,679 --> 00:17:14,500 tolerance because we drink milk and just 350 00:17:20,130 --> 00:17:16,689 the the frequency of the HBS allele 351 00:17:21,809 --> 00:17:20,140 associated with malaria because because 352 00:17:23,880 --> 00:17:21,819 of agricultural changes and 353 00:17:27,270 --> 00:17:23,890 slash-and-burn and and different things 354 00:17:30,900 --> 00:17:27,280 that we've done culturally have changed 355 00:17:32,460 --> 00:17:30,910 our biology so looking forward there's 356 00:17:34,620 --> 00:17:32,470 so many of those things that could 357 00:17:35,880 --> 00:17:34,630 impact it but but it does seem that 358 00:17:38,280 --> 00:17:35,890 we're still moving in that direction 359 00:17:40,560 --> 00:17:38,290 that that our brain shape is changing 360 00:17:42,720 --> 00:17:40,570 we're getting these balloon heads and 361 00:17:44,700 --> 00:17:42,730 and when that happens our face has to 362 00:17:48,750 --> 00:17:44,710 get out of the way those those two 363 00:17:50,280 --> 00:17:48,760 things are linked biologically what we 364 00:17:52,890 --> 00:17:50,290 call integration craniofacial 365 00:17:56,540 --> 00:17:52,900 integration where because our brains the 366 00:18:00,360 --> 00:17:56,550 first to grow it expands outward forward 367 00:18:03,930 --> 00:18:00,370 and the frontal bone expands forward the 368 00:18:05,940 --> 00:18:03,940 anterior create basic cranium sets the 369 00:18:08,580 --> 00:18:05,950 template for the rest of facial growth 370 00:18:11,610 --> 00:18:08,590 so so as our brains grow larger I face 371 00:18:14,070 --> 00:18:11,620 just can't get bigger and that that's 372 00:18:15,840 --> 00:18:14,080 largely why our faces are small and why 373 00:18:18,480 --> 00:18:15,850 they've gotten smaller over evolutionary 374 00:18:21,930 --> 00:18:18,490 time in association with our expanding 375 00:18:26,340 --> 00:18:21,940 brain so if those continue over 376 00:18:28,380 --> 00:18:26,350 long-term future human evolution we we 377 00:18:31,260 --> 00:18:28,390 would expect to look exactly like what 378 00:18:33,260 --> 00:18:31,270 these individuals look like and and 379 00:18:35,490 --> 00:18:33,270 those are just some of the many 380 00:18:38,220 --> 00:18:35,500 characteristics addressed in the book 381 00:18:41,660 --> 00:18:38,230 that link our evolutionary past to our 382 00:18:43,950 --> 00:18:41,670 modern form to what is our presumed 383 00:18:47,250 --> 00:18:43,960 future evolutionary form at whatever 384 00:18:49,370 --> 00:18:47,260 point or points in the future that may 385 00:18:51,620 --> 00:18:49,380 be now with the 386 00:18:55,220 --> 00:18:51,630 the eyes and the eyes seem to be getting 387 00:18:56,330 --> 00:18:55,230 bigger in these descriptions do you have 388 00:18:59,720 --> 00:18:56,340 an explanation for that 389 00:19:02,030 --> 00:18:59,730 yeah actually um it's really interesting 390 00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:02,040 you bring that up I've published a 391 00:19:07,810 --> 00:19:05,010 couple papers and the Journal of anatomy 392 00:19:10,730 --> 00:19:07,820 and and one in medical hypotheses and 393 00:19:14,810 --> 00:19:10,740 some other places where we look at the 394 00:19:17,990 --> 00:19:14,820 relationship between the brain I the 395 00:19:21,080 --> 00:19:18,000 orbit specifically and looking at 396 00:19:24,080 --> 00:19:21,090 evolution of the orbits throughout grad 397 00:19:28,160 --> 00:19:24,090 school and since as part of sort of the 398 00:19:31,640 --> 00:19:28,170 main area of research that I do I began 399 00:19:34,400 --> 00:19:31,650 to wonder about certain conditions like 400 00:19:36,350 --> 00:19:34,410 juvenile onset Miyabi astigmatism and 401 00:19:40,970 --> 00:19:36,360 and some other problems that humans have 402 00:19:44,090 --> 00:19:40,980 with our eyes being that they are a soft 403 00:19:48,230 --> 00:19:44,100 tissue circumscribed by a hard bony 404 00:19:51,610 --> 00:19:48,240 orbit that's being modified by the brain 405 00:19:54,680 --> 00:19:51,620 above it and with our faces contracting 406 00:19:56,450 --> 00:19:54,690 retracting and also reducing in 407 00:20:00,800 --> 00:19:56,460 association with the brain growing out 408 00:20:02,900 --> 00:20:00,810 above it sort of made sense that there 409 00:20:05,390 --> 00:20:02,910 would be some malformations of the eye 410 00:20:07,610 --> 00:20:05,400 that would happen in association with 411 00:20:09,620 --> 00:20:07,620 that that would become constricted by an 412 00:20:13,220 --> 00:20:09,630 expanding brain above and a reducing 413 00:20:15,320 --> 00:20:13,230 face below so we've worked doing some 414 00:20:22,370 --> 00:20:15,330 research and in geometric morphometrics 415 00:20:25,850 --> 00:20:22,380 and I study MRIs in my lab and we are 416 00:20:29,240 --> 00:20:25,860 looking at what characteristics of the 417 00:20:32,210 --> 00:20:29,250 eye associated with my ah Pia and some 418 00:20:35,480 --> 00:20:32,220 of these other negative characteristics 419 00:20:37,480 --> 00:20:35,490 these negative traits how they may 420 00:20:42,700 --> 00:20:37,490 relate to that and and if you look at 421 00:20:46,040 --> 00:20:42,710 the myopic or myopic eye it does have 422 00:20:48,500 --> 00:20:46,050 very telltale signs of that constriction 423 00:20:52,190 --> 00:20:48,510 it's it's elongated it projects out 424 00:20:55,550 --> 00:20:52,200 forward out of the orbit people that 425 00:20:58,850 --> 00:20:55,560 have juvenile onset myopia they have 426 00:21:02,510 --> 00:20:58,860 larger eyes that are more actually 427 00:21:08,180 --> 00:21:02,520 elongated they're extended from front to 428 00:21:10,040 --> 00:21:08,190 back and and these things in in the 429 00:21:13,730 --> 00:21:10,050 context of growth and development that I 430 00:21:16,310 --> 00:21:13,740 itself is very much a product of the 431 00:21:20,150 --> 00:21:16,320 brain it grows out of the telencephalon 432 00:21:23,450 --> 00:21:20,160 of the brain during early fetal ontogeny 433 00:21:25,550 --> 00:21:23,460 or growth and development so so as the 434 00:21:27,310 --> 00:21:25,560 brain gets bigger we would expect the 435 00:21:31,370 --> 00:21:27,320 eye to get bigger too and unfortunately 436 00:21:33,560 --> 00:21:31,380 the eye doesn't preserve in the hominin 437 00:21:35,300 --> 00:21:33,570 fossil record it's a soft tissue it goes 438 00:21:37,850 --> 00:21:35,310 away we still have the orbit we can see 439 00:21:40,880 --> 00:21:37,860 how that changes and it has especially 440 00:21:43,280 --> 00:21:40,890 over the last 800,000 years sort of 441 00:21:46,430 --> 00:21:43,290 constricted and changed shape if we look 442 00:21:48,500 --> 00:21:46,440 at the Neanderthals or the Denisovans or 443 00:21:50,360 --> 00:21:48,510 any of the archaic Homo sapiens they 444 00:21:54,170 --> 00:21:50,370 have these big mass of Iowa rabbits and 445 00:21:55,850 --> 00:21:54,180 these big massive brow ridges so there 446 00:21:58,010 --> 00:21:55,860 would have been plenty of space within 447 00:22:02,180 --> 00:21:58,020 the skull for the eyes and these 448 00:22:07,700 --> 00:22:02,190 specimens but but with modern humans we 449 00:22:09,350 --> 00:22:07,710 we have larger not necessarily larger 450 00:22:11,750 --> 00:22:09,360 brains than an turtles they're about the 451 00:22:14,630 --> 00:22:11,760 same size slightly smaller in some cases 452 00:22:17,450 --> 00:22:14,640 but the shape of our brains changed and 453 00:22:20,660 --> 00:22:17,460 we have more forward projection of the 454 00:22:23,150 --> 00:22:20,670 anterior lobe of the brain and the eye 455 00:22:26,419 --> 00:22:23,160 grows out of that so so having larger 456 00:22:29,150 --> 00:22:26,429 eyes would be an expected correlate of a 457 00:22:32,210 --> 00:22:29,160 larger brain throughout future human 458 00:22:36,169 --> 00:22:32,220 evolution simply because the eyes grow 459 00:22:39,530 --> 00:22:36,179 out of the brain and they they grow 460 00:22:41,390 --> 00:22:39,540 together throughout ontogeny throughout 461 00:22:44,690 --> 00:22:41,400 growth and development in one's lifetime 462 00:22:46,669 --> 00:22:44,700 and we expect again we can't test this 463 00:22:48,590 --> 00:22:46,679 in the fossil record because the eyes 464 00:22:51,500 --> 00:22:48,600 don't preserve but we would expect that 465 00:22:53,480 --> 00:22:51,510 as the brain increases in size the 466 00:22:55,220 --> 00:22:53,490 eyeball also increases in size and 467 00:22:59,020 --> 00:22:55,230 projecting that forward 468 00:23:01,400 --> 00:22:59,030 that would help explain why these 469 00:23:04,610 --> 00:23:01,410 extraterrestrials are ubiquitously and 470 00:23:08,330 --> 00:23:04,620 described as having very human eyes very 471 00:23:10,940 --> 00:23:08,340 large eyes much larger than ours but in 472 00:23:14,200 --> 00:23:10,950 accordance with their larger brains that 473 00:23:21,610 --> 00:23:14,210 characteristic would be expected yeah 474 00:23:23,800 --> 00:23:21,620 you know the the prototypical et well 475 00:23:26,110 --> 00:23:23,810 the prototypical et the way that we're 476 00:23:29,410 --> 00:23:26,120 talking about here those eyes don't seem 477 00:23:30,910 --> 00:23:29,420 as well protected as the eyes that we've 478 00:23:34,150 --> 00:23:30,920 got I used to play a little bit of 479 00:23:37,540 --> 00:23:34,160 hockey and those those protective brows 480 00:23:39,940 --> 00:23:37,550 come in handy once in a while sky and 481 00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:39,950 you don't really seem to see that in the 482 00:23:45,580 --> 00:23:43,210 way these eighties are described so 483 00:23:47,830 --> 00:23:45,590 they'd have to be a lot careful a lot 484 00:23:50,020 --> 00:23:47,840 more careful in order to avoid some 485 00:23:51,880 --> 00:23:50,030 devastating eye injuries they wouldn't 486 00:23:53,830 --> 00:23:51,890 be able to play hockey or a lot of other 487 00:23:55,420 --> 00:23:53,840 things I would think you know boxing 488 00:23:57,820 --> 00:23:55,430 something along those lines a lot of 489 00:23:59,650 --> 00:23:57,830 activities I would seem to result in 490 00:24:04,150 --> 00:23:59,660 some eye damage there would that that 491 00:24:06,880 --> 00:24:04,160 kind of morphology well partly yeah but 492 00:24:10,360 --> 00:24:06,890 at the same time we we we have a pretty 493 00:24:12,640 --> 00:24:10,370 evolved culture for taking care of the 494 00:24:15,880 --> 00:24:12,650 problems that that biological evolution 495 00:24:18,490 --> 00:24:15,890 has presented us with so you know an 496 00:24:20,170 --> 00:24:18,500 example would be the the problems we 497 00:24:25,120 --> 00:24:20,180 have just with standing upright with our 498 00:24:27,700 --> 00:24:25,130 knees our backs our hips and we found 499 00:24:30,010 --> 00:24:27,710 ways to adapt to that we we can use 500 00:24:32,350 --> 00:24:30,020 canes we can use wheelchairs as we get 501 00:24:34,780 --> 00:24:32,360 older and our our bones and joints just 502 00:24:37,450 --> 00:24:34,790 can't support our bipedalism and our 503 00:24:38,980 --> 00:24:37,460 bodyweight so I mean I think they still 504 00:24:41,050 --> 00:24:38,990 could they probably just have to rely on 505 00:24:44,830 --> 00:24:41,060 eye protection a lot more and obviously 506 00:24:48,760 --> 00:24:44,840 bigger sort of giant aviator glasses 507 00:24:53,280 --> 00:24:48,770 tape tight forms of protection but I 508 00:24:57,100 --> 00:24:53,290 mean even there's also a common thing 509 00:25:00,730 --> 00:24:57,110 and and I try not to base too much off 510 00:25:03,970 --> 00:25:00,740 of the reports themselves because you 511 00:25:06,580 --> 00:25:03,980 know that's the the thing that that's a 512 00:25:08,440 --> 00:25:06,590 little more uncertain there's there 513 00:25:10,300 --> 00:25:08,450 there's you know obviously a lot of 514 00:25:12,160 --> 00:25:10,310 people who have have witnessed these 515 00:25:13,810 --> 00:25:12,170 things and experienced these things and 516 00:25:16,990 --> 00:25:13,820 to them it's it's a part of their 517 00:25:18,520 --> 00:25:17,000 reality it's an obvious fact of reality 518 00:25:21,310 --> 00:25:18,530 for other people who haven't including 519 00:25:24,430 --> 00:25:21,320 myself I've never seen a UFO or anything 520 00:25:27,769 --> 00:25:24,440 it's it's it's harder to really tangibly 521 00:25:30,709 --> 00:25:27,779 say this thing's happening 522 00:25:34,099 --> 00:25:30,719 ooh and and so I don't base a lot of 523 00:25:35,779 --> 00:25:34,109 things off of that there's a couple 524 00:25:37,639 --> 00:25:35,789 chapters where obviously it's tied 525 00:25:40,580 --> 00:25:37,649 together in the context of long term 526 00:25:43,359 --> 00:25:40,590 human evolution but one thing that that 527 00:25:48,830 --> 00:25:43,369 is pretty common in these reports are 528 00:25:53,299 --> 00:25:48,840 these big dark eyes black eyes and and 529 00:25:57,919 --> 00:25:53,309 there's one interesting example and the 530 00:26:01,369 --> 00:25:57,929 the sort of famous notorious depending 531 00:26:04,459 --> 00:26:01,379 on your viewpoint alien autopsy where 532 00:26:06,919 --> 00:26:04,469 you know the individuals laying on this 533 00:26:10,219 --> 00:26:06,929 table and and it's it's a recreation of 534 00:26:12,320 --> 00:26:10,229 an event that took place in 1947 it's 535 00:26:13,999 --> 00:26:12,330 not the actual one though there is some 536 00:26:16,669 --> 00:26:14,009 footage in there but one interesting 537 00:26:19,909 --> 00:26:16,679 thing is they pull off this dark contact 538 00:26:23,060 --> 00:26:19,919 lens from that individual in it yeah and 539 00:26:24,950 --> 00:26:23,070 in doing so you see very human eyes I 540 00:26:28,820 --> 00:26:24,960 actually have a picture of that in the 541 00:26:31,430 --> 00:26:28,830 book to demonstrate how how not only is 542 00:26:33,889 --> 00:26:31,440 this most likely a contact lens 543 00:26:35,919 --> 00:26:33,899 phenomenon in this particular case but 544 00:26:38,749 --> 00:26:35,929 also just how much more human they look 545 00:26:41,869 --> 00:26:38,759 when you take that lens off with a big 546 00:26:44,810 --> 00:26:41,879 black eye they look like an insane alien 547 00:26:47,989 --> 00:26:44,820 form but once that lens comes off and 548 00:26:50,299 --> 00:26:47,999 you can see the pupils and the cornea 549 00:26:52,549 --> 00:26:50,309 and and the whites around the eye which 550 00:26:54,979 --> 00:26:52,559 is a very human characteristic most 551 00:26:58,999 --> 00:26:54,989 other primates even are hominoid 552 00:27:01,279 --> 00:26:59,009 ancestors and and hominoid cousins alive 553 00:27:03,229 --> 00:27:01,289 today have very little white showing in 554 00:27:05,779 --> 00:27:03,239 their eyes but but us humans have a lot 555 00:27:08,749 --> 00:27:05,789 largely because our eyes are bigger also 556 00:27:10,039 --> 00:27:08,759 the shape for our orbits have something 557 00:27:13,129 --> 00:27:10,049 to do with that was simply taking that 558 00:27:15,320 --> 00:27:13,139 lens off causes this individual to 559 00:27:17,899 --> 00:27:15,330 instantly look much more human and and 560 00:27:20,269 --> 00:27:17,909 so I think in addition to our eyes 561 00:27:22,219 --> 00:27:20,279 getting bigger that that common 562 00:27:25,549 --> 00:27:22,229 characteristic of the deep dark black 563 00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:25,559 eyes is probably the result of context 564 00:27:29,149 --> 00:27:27,210 and and might come back to your point 565 00:27:31,549 --> 00:27:29,159 too about protecting our eyes you know 566 00:27:34,430 --> 00:27:31,559 maybe maybe we need more protection in 567 00:27:36,109 --> 00:27:34,440 our eyes in the future because of you 568 00:27:40,519 --> 00:27:36,119 know any number of things that could 569 00:27:41,520 --> 00:27:40,529 happen but yeah it may be a vision thing 570 00:27:43,440 --> 00:27:41,530 too 571 00:27:47,250 --> 00:27:43,450 very much be the same vision problems 572 00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:47,260 that we suffer from now arguably because 573 00:27:52,920 --> 00:27:49,210 our brains and eyes have been getting 574 00:27:55,260 --> 00:27:52,930 bigger in a constricted face maybe they 575 00:27:57,210 --> 00:27:55,270 need them to see in the same way that we 576 00:27:58,980 --> 00:27:57,220 do I have contacts then right now and 577 00:28:06,030 --> 00:27:58,990 don't know how will that function 578 00:28:12,870 --> 00:28:06,040 without him to tell you that yeah they 579 00:28:15,360 --> 00:28:12,880 would be very absolute Liana in the I 580 00:28:19,230 --> 00:28:15,370 wrote a paper in 2012 and medical 581 00:28:21,300 --> 00:28:19,240 hypotheses about how it would only 582 00:28:23,100 --> 00:28:21,310 really be a factor in recent human 583 00:28:25,710 --> 00:28:23,110 evolution because you would have 584 00:28:27,630 --> 00:28:25,720 selective pressures weeding out those 585 00:28:31,200 --> 00:28:27,640 with poor vision that didn't see the 586 00:28:32,850 --> 00:28:31,210 saber-tooth cat coming for instance but 587 00:28:35,040 --> 00:28:32,860 then not only that once we started to 588 00:28:36,630 --> 00:28:35,050 domesticate ourselves out after the 589 00:28:40,050 --> 00:28:36,640 Neolithic Revolution once we got 590 00:28:44,520 --> 00:28:40,060 agriculture and diversified now you have 591 00:28:46,470 --> 00:28:44,530 people that can do near work activities 592 00:28:49,110 --> 00:28:46,480 and sustain themselves that way they can 593 00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:49,120 they can be Weaver's or they can pound 594 00:28:55,620 --> 00:28:52,210 metal they can even with stone tools 595 00:28:58,140 --> 00:28:55,630 even before that people could have just 596 00:29:00,000 --> 00:28:58,150 made their really good stone tools 597 00:29:03,450 --> 00:29:00,010 developed really good napping skills and 598 00:29:05,520 --> 00:29:03,460 then traded those tools for for me and 599 00:29:07,320 --> 00:29:05,530 for for other things that they couldn't 600 00:29:09,180 --> 00:29:07,330 get themselves because of this visual 601 00:29:11,460 --> 00:29:09,190 deficit but also just in the anatomy 602 00:29:13,680 --> 00:29:11,470 it's only recently and human evolution 603 00:29:16,260 --> 00:29:13,690 that we've had these these brains move 604 00:29:18,480 --> 00:29:16,270 out overtop of our eyes and our face is 605 00:29:20,310 --> 00:29:18,490 contracting so I think yeah throughout 606 00:29:22,080 --> 00:29:20,320 most of human history the vision 607 00:29:25,470 --> 00:29:22,090 problems wouldn't have been an issue but 608 00:29:27,810 --> 00:29:25,480 but now and likely in the future because 609 00:29:30,930 --> 00:29:27,820 we have this culture to correct for a 610 00:29:33,300 --> 00:29:30,940 biological problem it's an evolutionary 611 00:29:36,810 --> 00:29:33,310 trade-off as what we call these where 612 00:29:40,020 --> 00:29:36,820 we've traded you know big brain for poor 613 00:29:42,390 --> 00:29:40,030 vision we've sacrificed our vision we 614 00:29:45,390 --> 00:29:42,400 sacrificed a lot of things with our 615 00:29:47,310 --> 00:29:45,400 dentition we have overcrowding we have 616 00:29:49,770 --> 00:29:47,320 wisdom teeth that gets stuck we have 617 00:29:52,770 --> 00:29:49,780 problems with sleep apnea because of a 618 00:29:54,560 --> 00:29:52,780 constricted airway we have choking we're 619 00:29:56,509 --> 00:29:54,570 one of the only animals that 620 00:29:59,480 --> 00:29:56,519 choked and died because we put this big 621 00:30:01,159 --> 00:29:59,490 bend and our throats as a result of 622 00:30:03,440 --> 00:30:01,169 standing upright and having to rotate 623 00:30:06,230 --> 00:30:03,450 our heads down so we have these cultural 624 00:30:08,509 --> 00:30:06,240 mechanisms to help fix some of the 625 00:30:11,299 --> 00:30:08,519 biological problems that we have because 626 00:30:13,820 --> 00:30:11,309 of our our unique physiological form and 627 00:30:15,769 --> 00:30:13,830 and I think going forward the the 628 00:30:17,480 --> 00:30:15,779 Contacts and glasses as long as we can 629 00:30:20,120 --> 00:30:17,490 continue to mitigate the negative 630 00:30:24,289 --> 00:30:20,130 aspects of that it can can very much 631 00:30:26,749 --> 00:30:24,299 allow it to exist but without being you 632 00:30:28,310 --> 00:30:26,759 know anything more than just a giant 633 00:30:31,279 --> 00:30:28,320 pain every morning putting them in and 634 00:30:34,159 --> 00:30:31,289 taking them out at night I guess now one 635 00:30:36,230 --> 00:30:34,169 thing I did a few years back I don't 636 00:30:39,110 --> 00:30:36,240 live too far from Independence Hall in 637 00:30:40,759 --> 00:30:39,120 Philadelphia and I'm able to get down 638 00:30:42,619 --> 00:30:40,769 there once in a while and one thing that 639 00:30:44,840 --> 00:30:42,629 is really striking they still have the 640 00:30:47,629 --> 00:30:44,850 same desk I mean this is a I'm not even 641 00:30:50,749 --> 00:30:47,639 250 years ago they still have the same 642 00:30:53,060 --> 00:30:50,759 desks at Independence halls they had 643 00:30:56,029 --> 00:30:53,070 back when that the declaration was 644 00:30:59,090 --> 00:30:56,039 signed and you really notice right away 645 00:31:02,269 --> 00:30:59,100 how much smaller people were back then 646 00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:02,279 and I mean just 250 years were a lot 647 00:31:09,560 --> 00:31:05,250 bigger today than we were not that long 648 00:31:12,320 --> 00:31:09,570 ago it seems like we can change pretty 649 00:31:15,830 --> 00:31:12,330 quick we sort of put our unconscious 650 00:31:18,200 --> 00:31:15,840 minds to it yeah I mean it's not really 651 00:31:21,320 --> 00:31:18,210 a conscious thing it's just a product of 652 00:31:24,379 --> 00:31:21,330 our environment and it's it's kind of an 653 00:31:26,600 --> 00:31:24,389 interesting thing height I actually just 654 00:31:29,600 --> 00:31:26,610 got done editing that section of the 655 00:31:31,700 --> 00:31:29,610 chapter last week but Heights Heights 656 00:31:34,999 --> 00:31:31,710 kind of interesting because it varies 657 00:31:37,129 --> 00:31:35,009 tremendously over evolutionary time and 658 00:31:39,769 --> 00:31:37,139 even in a short term capacity like you 659 00:31:42,799 --> 00:31:39,779 just acknowledged so like you go back 660 00:31:46,549 --> 00:31:42,809 1.5 2 million years with some of the 661 00:31:47,840 --> 00:31:46,559 earliest Homo erectus individuals that 662 00:31:49,940 --> 00:31:47,850 lived at that time and they were about 663 00:31:55,340 --> 00:31:49,950 the same height as we were the narrow 664 00:31:58,279 --> 00:31:55,350 kotomi boy Turkana boy km WT 15,000 for 665 00:32:00,080 --> 00:31:58,289 the Nerds out there he was about 11 666 00:32:03,080 --> 00:32:00,090 years old and was projected that he'd be 667 00:32:06,049 --> 00:32:03,090 about 6:1 when we reached full maturity 668 00:32:08,110 --> 00:32:06,059 which is very much within the range of 669 00:32:10,990 --> 00:32:08,120 modern humans and you also have 670 00:32:14,980 --> 00:32:11,000 even at age 11 he was predicted to have 671 00:32:17,800 --> 00:32:14,990 been an anemone seventh percentile for a 672 00:32:20,080 --> 00:32:17,810 large sample population of modern humans 673 00:32:23,140 --> 00:32:20,090 a sample population of 11 year old so 674 00:32:25,660 --> 00:32:23,150 even without that prediction of what he 675 00:32:27,340 --> 00:32:25,670 would be at the end of growth and 676 00:32:30,040 --> 00:32:27,350 development he was still very very tall 677 00:32:34,090 --> 00:32:30,050 for an 11 year old so so it's fluctuated 678 00:32:36,750 --> 00:32:34,100 a lot over evolutionary time but but 679 00:32:40,390 --> 00:32:36,760 once we get into the the more short-term 680 00:32:41,830 --> 00:32:40,400 historical changes we have been been 681 00:32:42,460 --> 00:32:41,840 getting taller there's no doubt about 682 00:32:44,530 --> 00:32:42,470 that 683 00:32:46,300 --> 00:32:44,540 I think the Dutch are the tallest people 684 00:32:48,550 --> 00:32:46,310 in the world and and there's a lot of 685 00:32:50,290 --> 00:32:48,560 data that shows that over the last 50 686 00:32:53,620 --> 00:32:50,300 years they've gotten much taller as well 687 00:32:57,670 --> 00:32:53,630 but but it also varies based on on your 688 00:33:00,510 --> 00:32:57,680 socioeconomic status major events taking 689 00:33:04,330 --> 00:33:00,520 place one of the first research project 690 00:33:06,460 --> 00:33:04,340 but does that when you say socioeconomic 691 00:33:08,350 --> 00:33:06,470 status that relate to diet yes 692 00:33:11,140 --> 00:33:08,360 absolutely it's one of the biggest the 693 00:33:14,170 --> 00:33:11,150 biggest coral it's his diet well in the 694 00:33:14,950 --> 00:33:14,180 first studies I worked on as an 695 00:33:18,550 --> 00:33:14,960 undergraduate 696 00:33:21,510 --> 00:33:18,560 actually at Ohio University was a 697 00:33:25,210 --> 00:33:21,520 stature study looking at socio economics 698 00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:25,220 peoples occupations as a gauge of socio 699 00:33:30,270 --> 00:33:27,410 economics the other big factor is 700 00:33:33,030 --> 00:33:30,280 education level but looking at their 701 00:33:35,710 --> 00:33:33,040 height and their anthropometric 702 00:33:38,320 --> 00:33:35,720 characteristics their their body high 703 00:33:41,590 --> 00:33:38,330 stature arm width things like that in 704 00:33:44,560 --> 00:33:41,600 the context of their occupation and and 705 00:33:46,870 --> 00:33:44,570 the results of that study and many other 706 00:33:50,470 --> 00:33:46,880 studies have shown that people that have 707 00:33:53,800 --> 00:33:50,480 higher incomes that have better access 708 00:33:55,540 --> 00:33:53,810 to a good diet tend to be taller people 709 00:33:58,090 --> 00:33:55,550 and and the whole population you could 710 00:34:01,900 --> 00:33:58,100 this is one of the best indicators of a 711 00:34:03,820 --> 00:34:01,910 populations health is is stature you 712 00:34:06,880 --> 00:34:03,830 look at World War one the Great 713 00:34:09,480 --> 00:34:06,890 Depression World War two we see these 714 00:34:12,850 --> 00:34:09,490 rapid dips in people's height as a 715 00:34:15,370 --> 00:34:12,860 result of of just food shortages and and 716 00:34:18,360 --> 00:34:15,380 people not reaching their genetic height 717 00:34:21,510 --> 00:34:18,370 potential because the environment has 718 00:34:24,090 --> 00:34:21,520 subjugated their ability to do that so 719 00:34:25,889 --> 00:34:24,100 yeah and looking at you know people 100 720 00:34:29,389 --> 00:34:25,899 200 years ago we've definitely gotten a 721 00:34:31,889 --> 00:34:29,399 lot taller over that period of time but 722 00:34:36,659 --> 00:34:31,899 it's important to also consider the 723 00:34:39,030 --> 00:34:36,669 whole history of of of stature and of 724 00:34:40,889 --> 00:34:39,040 even human evolution and and really is 725 00:34:42,570 --> 00:34:40,899 just there's a lot of fluctuation we've 726 00:34:45,330 --> 00:34:42,580 been tall we've been short even now we 727 00:34:46,649 --> 00:34:45,340 have modern human populations that are 728 00:34:51,659 --> 00:34:46,659 very short of pygmies 729 00:34:54,090 --> 00:34:51,669 for instance Homo floresiensis this may 730 00:34:56,280 --> 00:34:54,100 have heard of this species found 731 00:34:58,560 --> 00:34:56,290 recently on the island of Flores known 732 00:35:00,000 --> 00:34:58,570 as the Hobbit but they're they're only 733 00:35:03,870 --> 00:35:00,010 about three feet tall three and a half 734 00:35:06,690 --> 00:35:03,880 maybe four feet tall but they lived as 735 00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:06,700 recently as you know 40,000 years ago so 736 00:35:11,250 --> 00:35:09,010 we have a lot of variation and height 737 00:35:13,410 --> 00:35:11,260 throughout the world and throughout time 738 00:35:19,200 --> 00:35:13,420 as well and I mean even looking at the 739 00:35:21,150 --> 00:35:19,210 future if we can base some some idea of 740 00:35:23,220 --> 00:35:21,160 what we will look like in the future on 741 00:35:25,440 --> 00:35:23,230 on these these reports of Close 742 00:35:27,630 --> 00:35:25,450 Encounters there's a lot of variation 743 00:35:30,480 --> 00:35:27,640 throughout the human future too it would 744 00:35:33,420 --> 00:35:30,490 seem some individuals or report as being 745 00:35:36,540 --> 00:35:33,430 very tall others around five foot seems 746 00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:36,550 to be a common description and a lot of 747 00:35:41,400 --> 00:35:39,010 these reports so so yeah it's an 748 00:35:44,310 --> 00:35:41,410 interesting thing it really varies quite 749 00:35:46,290 --> 00:35:44,320 a bit across space and through time as 750 00:35:48,690 --> 00:35:46,300 well now you've been talking about that 751 00:35:50,849 --> 00:35:48,700 some of the human precursors and early 752 00:35:52,590 --> 00:35:50,859 humans human beings really aren't all 753 00:35:54,690 --> 00:35:52,600 that old for a long time that two 754 00:35:56,940 --> 00:35:54,700 hundred thousand numbers sort of held 755 00:36:00,780 --> 00:35:56,950 together and within the last couple 756 00:36:03,570 --> 00:36:00,790 years there was a report of a human 757 00:36:06,180 --> 00:36:03,580 human being that was 300 years old 758 00:36:08,910 --> 00:36:06,190 that's a quite a jump further back into 759 00:36:11,790 --> 00:36:08,920 the past what did you think about that 760 00:36:17,280 --> 00:36:11,800 when that news came out well I think 761 00:36:21,090 --> 00:36:17,290 it's important and I hear a lot of 762 00:36:24,330 --> 00:36:21,100 people sort of talk about human 763 00:36:27,090 --> 00:36:24,340 evolution in these discrete categorical 764 00:36:31,410 --> 00:36:27,100 terms there it's important to keep in 765 00:36:33,120 --> 00:36:31,420 mind that it's a continuous change there 766 00:36:35,310 --> 00:36:33,130 wasn't really a time we can't say 767 00:36:38,700 --> 00:36:35,320 exactly 200 thousand years ago 768 00:36:40,320 --> 00:36:38,710 we became humans that's when modern 769 00:36:44,040 --> 00:36:40,330 humans were born Homo sapiens sapiens 770 00:36:46,020 --> 00:36:44,050 and I I hear some some commentators talk 771 00:36:48,300 --> 00:36:46,030 about this sometime about you know what 772 00:36:50,400 --> 00:36:48,310 happened 200,000 years ago well nothing 773 00:36:52,320 --> 00:36:50,410 really I mean it was it's all continuous 774 00:36:54,570 --> 00:36:52,330 that's all in the same way that if you 775 00:36:56,700 --> 00:36:54,580 went back and looked at your ancestors 776 00:36:59,040 --> 00:36:56,710 over five generations you'd see slight 777 00:37:01,650 --> 00:36:59,050 changes and and how you looked and how 778 00:37:03,180 --> 00:37:01,660 your your lineage looked over that time 779 00:37:04,980 --> 00:37:03,190 and you pick out traits that you have 780 00:37:06,630 --> 00:37:04,990 that your grandparents and 781 00:37:09,090 --> 00:37:06,640 great-grandparents had and so on and so 782 00:37:11,880 --> 00:37:09,100 forth but but winding that clock back 783 00:37:13,950 --> 00:37:11,890 even farther it's it's really a long 784 00:37:16,530 --> 00:37:13,960 continuous thing and a lot of people 785 00:37:19,800 --> 00:37:16,540 make the mistake in and looking at this 786 00:37:23,010 --> 00:37:19,810 continuum by breaking it up into these 787 00:37:25,170 --> 00:37:23,020 categorical terms so it's it's hard for 788 00:37:27,570 --> 00:37:25,180 us as anthropologists because we have to 789 00:37:31,380 --> 00:37:27,580 give things labels we have to say this 790 00:37:33,870 --> 00:37:31,390 is when we became anatomically modern 791 00:37:36,240 --> 00:37:33,880 and in doing so people take that as as 792 00:37:37,590 --> 00:37:36,250 boom that's the moment when when humans 793 00:37:39,390 --> 00:37:37,600 arose you know what was it about that 794 00:37:43,410 --> 00:37:39,400 moment but it wasn't a moment it was 795 00:37:45,750 --> 00:37:43,420 just certain traits came about and 796 00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:45,760 developed at a point that we can say are 797 00:37:50,610 --> 00:37:48,010 it these traits were different than the 798 00:37:52,080 --> 00:37:50,620 traits of their ancestors farther back 799 00:37:55,380 --> 00:37:52,090 but there's not one point where we just 800 00:37:57,780 --> 00:37:55,390 got a chin and we just got a bulbous 801 00:37:59,580 --> 00:37:57,790 globular neurocranium those Sewer 802 00:38:02,700 --> 00:37:59,590 changes that were happening slowly over 803 00:38:07,260 --> 00:38:02,710 time so so yeah I'm never surprised when 804 00:38:08,760 --> 00:38:07,270 when we modify the age slightly and a 805 00:38:10,860 --> 00:38:08,770 hundred thousand years sounds like a lot 806 00:38:13,050 --> 00:38:10,870 but really it's it's not it's a it's a 807 00:38:16,640 --> 00:38:13,060 blink of an eye and and most of us that 808 00:38:20,700 --> 00:38:16,650 are in the camp of the multi-regional 809 00:38:22,470 --> 00:38:20,710 hypothesis which is the idea that we 810 00:38:25,980 --> 00:38:22,480 didn't develop during one major 811 00:38:29,100 --> 00:38:25,990 speciation event in Africa around 812 00:38:32,040 --> 00:38:29,110 200,000 years ago but rather the evolved 813 00:38:33,810 --> 00:38:32,050 slowly from archaic Homo sapiens and the 814 00:38:34,830 --> 00:38:33,820 modern Homo sapiens throughout much of 815 00:38:37,890 --> 00:38:34,840 the old world 816 00:38:39,480 --> 00:38:37,900 we had been advocating for you know 817 00:38:42,060 --> 00:38:39,490 three hundred thousand even four hundred 818 00:38:44,550 --> 00:38:42,070 thousand years for a much longer and 819 00:38:49,050 --> 00:38:44,560 again it's it's it's a continuum that 820 00:38:52,190 --> 00:38:49,060 that we can't put a specific date on 821 00:38:54,960 --> 00:38:52,200 I think a lot of that came from the 822 00:38:57,630 --> 00:38:54,970 mitochondrial DNA and this this out of 823 00:39:01,290 --> 00:38:57,640 Africa this African Eve hypothesis which 824 00:39:04,710 --> 00:39:01,300 put us and in Africa modern humans I 825 00:39:06,630 --> 00:39:04,720 mean at 200,000 years ago but but no the 826 00:39:08,970 --> 00:39:06,640 the research now is starting to move 827 00:39:13,290 --> 00:39:08,980 more toward toward our multi regional 828 00:39:15,810 --> 00:39:13,300 side that that it wasn't this this one 829 00:39:19,100 --> 00:39:15,820 brief event it was a slow continuous 830 00:39:23,070 --> 00:39:19,110 evolutionary change from more primitive 831 00:39:26,070 --> 00:39:23,080 Homo Sapien traits to more modern homo 832 00:39:28,950 --> 00:39:26,080 sapiens sapiens rates throughout that 833 00:39:31,410 --> 00:39:28,960 200 to 300 thousand year window so there 834 00:39:33,270 --> 00:39:31,420 wasn't really anything too tremendous 835 00:39:35,400 --> 00:39:33,280 about it we were always doing the same 836 00:39:37,590 --> 00:39:35,410 things we're still hunter-gatherers we 837 00:39:40,050 --> 00:39:37,600 still had big brains there were more 838 00:39:42,750 --> 00:39:40,060 species alive at that time it wasn't 839 00:39:46,080 --> 00:39:42,760 just us by any means but but as far as 840 00:39:48,090 --> 00:39:46,090 our toolkit our culture it was all just 841 00:39:52,050 --> 00:39:48,100 kind of evolving at the same slow 842 00:39:54,060 --> 00:39:52,060 process and and certainly you know with 843 00:39:56,910 --> 00:39:54,070 our bigger brains our Chin's our smaller 844 00:40:00,540 --> 00:39:56,920 faces we were able to identify certain 845 00:40:02,730 --> 00:40:00,550 traits that that make us you know more 846 00:40:06,120 --> 00:40:02,740 like we are now but even looking at now 847 00:40:07,890 --> 00:40:06,130 is a snapshot in time of our whole 848 00:40:09,660 --> 00:40:07,900 evolutionary history just because we're 849 00:40:11,940 --> 00:40:09,670 the ones looking back on it and I would 850 00:40:15,960 --> 00:40:11,950 argue now looking forward toward the 851 00:40:18,930 --> 00:40:15,970 future we're still just one small small 852 00:40:21,660 --> 00:40:18,940 part of that very large continuous four 853 00:40:24,030 --> 00:40:21,670 dimensional change in human evolution so 854 00:40:25,580 --> 00:40:24,040 you know in in a hundred thousand years 855 00:40:27,990 --> 00:40:25,590 two hundred thousand years in the future 856 00:40:30,450 --> 00:40:28,000 they'll probably be looking at us just 857 00:40:32,220 --> 00:40:30,460 as some average humans that were doing 858 00:40:34,530 --> 00:40:32,230 very primitive things with primitive 859 00:40:36,390 --> 00:40:34,540 technology and in the same way that we 860 00:40:38,460 --> 00:40:36,400 would look you know back 200 300 861 00:40:40,770 --> 00:40:38,470 thousand years in the past so so no I'm 862 00:40:42,390 --> 00:40:40,780 never really never really surprised and 863 00:40:45,960 --> 00:40:42,400 especially with that one because like I 864 00:40:48,150 --> 00:40:45,970 said I and many of my colleagues had 865 00:40:51,300 --> 00:40:48,160 already been on the more you know 866 00:40:53,070 --> 00:40:51,310 long-term multi-regional evolutionary 867 00:40:55,980 --> 00:40:53,080 side you're right you're suggesting then 868 00:40:58,950 --> 00:40:55,990 that that humans developed in multiple 869 00:41:02,070 --> 00:40:58,960 locations not just in East Africa 870 00:41:03,960 --> 00:41:02,080 but the humans arose a number of 871 00:41:05,609 --> 00:41:03,970 different places around the world more 872 00:41:07,650 --> 00:41:05,619 or less simultaneously 873 00:41:11,070 --> 00:41:07,660 yeah and it's certainly not my 874 00:41:14,010 --> 00:41:11,080 suggestion the multi-regional hypothesis 875 00:41:17,670 --> 00:41:14,020 has been around for going on probably 40 876 00:41:19,290 --> 00:41:17,680 years now milford wolf off was probably 877 00:41:22,589 --> 00:41:19,300 one of the biggest proponents and 878 00:41:25,349 --> 00:41:22,599 anthropologist in the 70s 80s 90s and 879 00:41:27,480 --> 00:41:25,359 he's still doing work I think but yeah 880 00:41:31,079 --> 00:41:27,490 it's just it's two different models to 881 00:41:33,810 --> 00:41:31,089 explain the same sort of rise of homo 882 00:41:36,960 --> 00:41:33,820 sapiens sapiens and again you know you 883 00:41:38,430 --> 00:41:36,970 could take a human from a hundred 884 00:41:40,020 --> 00:41:38,440 thousand years ago and one from four 885 00:41:43,200 --> 00:41:40,030 hundred thousand years ago and they 886 00:41:45,329 --> 00:41:43,210 could most certainly reproduce so from a 887 00:41:47,430 --> 00:41:45,339 biological species concept they weren't 888 00:41:50,099 --> 00:41:47,440 different species there wasn't there 889 00:41:52,230 --> 00:41:50,109 wasn't anything about humans had two 890 00:41:54,870 --> 00:41:52,240 hundred thousand years ago that boom 891 00:41:57,570 --> 00:41:54,880 made us different we were still the same 892 00:42:01,950 --> 00:41:57,580 just doing the same things but we we as 893 00:42:04,950 --> 00:42:01,960 anthropologist have to have labels we we 894 00:42:08,460 --> 00:42:04,960 have to make discrete categories out of 895 00:42:11,250 --> 00:42:08,470 continuous change and it's obviously 896 00:42:13,680 --> 00:42:11,260 impossible to do you can't just draw a 897 00:42:15,320 --> 00:42:13,690 line and something continuous and say 898 00:42:19,800 --> 00:42:15,330 there it is that's when it started but 899 00:42:23,190 --> 00:42:19,810 but our window of change for when we 900 00:42:25,230 --> 00:42:23,200 became modern humans yeah it did it did 901 00:42:27,810 --> 00:42:25,240 occur there's more and more evidence the 902 00:42:31,109 --> 00:42:27,820 morphological evidence our physical form 903 00:42:33,810 --> 00:42:31,119 has always backed up this multi-regional 904 00:42:37,079 --> 00:42:33,820 hypothesis it was mostly the the genetic 905 00:42:38,970 --> 00:42:37,089 evidence rewinding the genetic clock 906 00:42:41,420 --> 00:42:38,980 that put us in africa two hundred 907 00:42:45,839 --> 00:42:41,430 thousand years ago but but that model 908 00:42:48,660 --> 00:42:45,849 has always been criticized and and now 909 00:42:51,020 --> 00:42:48,670 with the recent study that you pointed 910 00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:51,030 out and other research it seems to be 911 00:42:56,730 --> 00:42:54,010 falling out of favor even more so in 912 00:42:58,740 --> 00:42:56,740 recent time so so yeah the the other 913 00:43:00,780 --> 00:42:58,750 explanation i mean there was a homo 914 00:43:03,570 --> 00:43:00,790 erectus left africa two million years 915 00:43:07,020 --> 00:43:03,580 ago populated all other parts of the old 916 00:43:11,910 --> 00:43:07,030 world over time even existed as recently 917 00:43:12,750 --> 00:43:11,920 as 25,000 years ago and and java so we 918 00:43:14,510 --> 00:43:12,760 had we had people 919 00:43:17,310 --> 00:43:14,520 coming across the Bering Land Bridge 920 00:43:20,400 --> 00:43:17,320 into the Americas at the same time homo 921 00:43:24,900 --> 00:43:20,410 erectus was still in existence on parts 922 00:43:28,650 --> 00:43:24,910 of Southeast Asia so so that that that 923 00:43:31,950 --> 00:43:28,660 older model mostly focuses on Africa but 924 00:43:34,020 --> 00:43:31,960 but after homo erectus left we evolved 925 00:43:36,500 --> 00:43:34,030 slowly from Homo erectus into the 926 00:43:38,880 --> 00:43:36,510 Denisovans and towards the Middle East 927 00:43:43,650 --> 00:43:38,890 Eastern Europe the Neanderthals in 928 00:43:45,660 --> 00:43:43,660 Western Europe East Africa or East Asian 929 00:43:47,330 --> 00:43:45,670 Homo erectus developed more modern 930 00:43:50,070 --> 00:43:47,340 characteristics into what we call 931 00:43:54,810 --> 00:43:50,080 archaic Homo sapiens and then that shift 932 00:43:57,330 --> 00:43:54,820 from archaic Homo sapiens into what what 933 00:44:00,920 --> 00:43:57,340 a lot of people refer to as as humans 934 00:44:02,100 --> 00:44:00,930 what we call anatomically modern humans 935 00:44:05,010 --> 00:44:02,110 yeah 936 00:44:07,140 --> 00:44:05,020 occurred just as a slow process in many 937 00:44:10,140 --> 00:44:07,150 of these places and and what allowed us 938 00:44:14,400 --> 00:44:10,150 to do it collectively what allowed us to 939 00:44:17,670 --> 00:44:14,410 become one modern human population was 940 00:44:19,920 --> 00:44:17,680 just gene flow reproduction among 941 00:44:23,640 --> 00:44:19,930 neighboring groups and then because we 942 00:44:26,250 --> 00:44:23,650 had reached critical mass so to speak we 943 00:44:28,320 --> 00:44:26,260 reached a large enough population that 944 00:44:30,180 --> 00:44:28,330 interbreeding among all of these smaller 945 00:44:31,770 --> 00:44:30,190 groups throughout the old world helped 946 00:44:34,410 --> 00:44:31,780 link us together in the same way that we 947 00:44:37,320 --> 00:44:34,420 are now I mean we now exist as one large 948 00:44:40,110 --> 00:44:37,330 interbreeding population throughout the 949 00:44:41,910 --> 00:44:40,120 world and and that migration among 950 00:44:43,580 --> 00:44:41,920 different groups and interbreeding with 951 00:44:46,970 --> 00:44:43,590 other people that they came across 952 00:44:49,260 --> 00:44:46,980 throughout Asia and Africa and Europe 953 00:44:51,600 --> 00:44:49,270 allowed us to maintain genetic 954 00:44:53,760 --> 00:44:51,610 homogeneity across those different 955 00:44:55,110 --> 00:44:53,770 regions the Neanderthals died out but we 956 00:44:56,640 --> 00:44:55,120 also know that we were in a breeding 957 00:44:59,130 --> 00:44:56,650 with them - because roughly five percent 958 00:45:02,100 --> 00:44:59,140 of the modern human genome is 959 00:45:04,680 --> 00:45:02,110 Neanderthal so there was there's a lot 960 00:45:07,200 --> 00:45:04,690 of movement and shakin there was a lot 961 00:45:10,440 --> 00:45:07,210 of a lot of interbreeding and and we 962 00:45:13,710 --> 00:45:10,450 were able to to just evolve slowly into 963 00:45:16,440 --> 00:45:13,720 modern Homo sapiens throughout this 200 964 00:45:18,810 --> 00:45:16,450 to 400,000 year period but but without 965 00:45:21,990 --> 00:45:18,820 one particular thing happening at one 966 00:45:23,940 --> 00:45:22,000 particular time it was just a slow slow 967 00:45:25,270 --> 00:45:23,950 evolutionary change and well that's more 968 00:45:26,860 --> 00:45:25,280 boring 969 00:45:28,570 --> 00:45:26,870 well you know well it's not as 970 00:45:30,580 --> 00:45:28,580 interesting as oh wow what happened 971 00:45:32,470 --> 00:45:30,590 200,000 years ago or you know what 972 00:45:34,720 --> 00:45:32,480 happened 20,000 years ago nothing 973 00:45:38,500 --> 00:45:34,730 happened it's just that's that's the 974 00:45:41,020 --> 00:45:38,510 point at which anthropologists say this 975 00:45:44,980 --> 00:45:41,030 is when we develop these traits that 976 00:45:47,590 --> 00:45:44,990 make us classified as homo sapiens 977 00:45:49,000 --> 00:45:47,600 sapiens okay so it doesn't seem likely 978 00:45:51,990 --> 00:45:49,010 yeah based on what you're telling me 979 00:45:55,210 --> 00:45:52,000 that there was some kind of advanced 980 00:45:57,990 --> 00:45:55,220 interference in our progress that this 981 00:46:01,540 --> 00:45:58,000 is a natural process that there's no 982 00:46:03,400 --> 00:46:01,550 point at which either time travelers 983 00:46:07,510 --> 00:46:03,410 from the future we're able to go back 984 00:46:10,750 --> 00:46:07,520 and speed things along a little bit and 985 00:46:12,610 --> 00:46:10,760 make the humans of those days a little 986 00:46:15,550 --> 00:46:12,620 bit that closer to modern human with the 987 00:46:17,440 --> 00:46:15,560 intellectual capacity or maybe yes 988 00:46:19,950 --> 00:46:17,450 somebody from some other planet that 989 00:46:22,300 --> 00:46:19,960 humans are just spread too far too wide 990 00:46:23,440 --> 00:46:22,310 doesn't seem like it would be possible 991 00:46:27,190 --> 00:46:23,450 based on what you're telling me here 992 00:46:29,820 --> 00:46:27,200 well in the in the context of a time 993 00:46:33,340 --> 00:46:29,830 machine it would certainly be possible 994 00:46:35,890 --> 00:46:33,350 but it doesn't need to be we don't need 995 00:46:38,260 --> 00:46:35,900 that explanation because if you look at 996 00:46:40,720 --> 00:46:38,270 at the pace the rate of culture change 997 00:46:43,200 --> 00:46:40,730 and and physical change there were no 998 00:46:45,700 --> 00:46:43,210 big jumps there were there was no 999 00:46:48,610 --> 00:46:45,710 indication that that we got this flood 1000 00:46:50,320 --> 00:46:48,620 of future genes or this flood of future 1001 00:46:53,230 --> 00:46:50,330 information in our culture we were just 1002 00:46:55,390 --> 00:46:53,240 getting smarter and more culturally 1003 00:46:57,640 --> 00:46:55,400 advanced and we were developing these 1004 00:46:59,740 --> 00:46:57,650 traits that we have today and presumably 1005 00:47:03,970 --> 00:46:59,750 are going to have even more so in the 1006 00:47:07,870 --> 00:47:03,980 future so I mean it's certainly easy to 1007 00:47:10,540 --> 00:47:07,880 say there there could have been contact 1008 00:47:12,040 --> 00:47:10,550 there could have been influence but but 1009 00:47:14,080 --> 00:47:12,050 I mean think about it this way if if I 1010 00:47:18,610 --> 00:47:14,090 was gonna go back in time as a 1011 00:47:24,370 --> 00:47:18,620 paleoanthropologist and study say the 1012 00:47:26,800 --> 00:47:24,380 Neanderthals 150,000 years ago I I would 1013 00:47:29,650 --> 00:47:26,810 I would take fecal samples I would take 1014 00:47:32,560 --> 00:47:29,660 blood samples hair samples I would take 1015 00:47:34,960 --> 00:47:32,570 some samples of their their cultural 1016 00:47:36,160 --> 00:47:34,970 materials the material remains that we 1017 00:47:38,020 --> 00:47:36,170 are able to investigate 1018 00:47:38,609 --> 00:47:38,030 archaeologically but we can't look at 1019 00:47:40,739 --> 00:47:38,619 any of these 1020 00:47:42,390 --> 00:47:40,749 things we don't have that soft tissue 1021 00:47:43,980 --> 00:47:42,400 like I said I would measure their 1022 00:47:45,900 --> 00:47:43,990 eyeballs I'd be the very first thing I 1023 00:47:48,539 --> 00:47:45,910 take because we don't have the ability 1024 00:47:50,220 --> 00:47:48,549 to do that so so going back in time we 1025 00:47:55,319 --> 00:47:50,230 we have the ability to learn so much 1026 00:47:57,210 --> 00:47:55,329 more but I don't feel like we would want 1027 00:47:59,099 --> 00:47:57,220 to change anything and it wouldn't be 1028 00:48:01,710 --> 00:47:59,109 changed because of linkages and 1029 00:48:05,009 --> 00:48:01,720 self-consistency it would always have 1030 00:48:07,380 --> 00:48:05,019 been there and the results of any thing 1031 00:48:09,509 --> 00:48:07,390 that we did would always be in our 1032 00:48:10,650 --> 00:48:09,519 future - there self-consistency among 1033 00:48:13,470 --> 00:48:10,660 event so we wouldn't be changing 1034 00:48:17,400 --> 00:48:13,480 anything but but we would try not to 1035 00:48:19,799 --> 00:48:17,410 interject ourselves to monumentally in 1036 00:48:20,970 --> 00:48:19,809 that culture even if we did doesn't 1037 00:48:23,190 --> 00:48:20,980 really matter they didn't have writing 1038 00:48:24,690 --> 00:48:23,200 they they weren't carrying around cell 1039 00:48:28,559 --> 00:48:24,700 phones where they could take pictures 1040 00:48:31,650 --> 00:48:28,569 all the time they're there art there was 1041 00:48:33,329 --> 00:48:31,660 some you know cave art at that time we 1042 00:48:35,279 --> 00:48:33,339 actually just recently found evidence of 1043 00:48:38,609 --> 00:48:35,289 Neanderthals doing that within the last 1044 00:48:43,380 --> 00:48:38,619 few months but you know they're not 1045 00:48:45,630 --> 00:48:43,390 really going to be able to transcribe 1046 00:48:48,120 --> 00:48:45,640 our existence in their time in any 1047 00:48:50,849 --> 00:48:48,130 meaningful long-term way however we go 1048 00:48:54,809 --> 00:48:50,859 back you know 200 years ago they go back 1049 00:48:56,759 --> 00:48:54,819 you know ten years ago suddenly we're 1050 00:48:59,339 --> 00:48:56,769 going to be interjecting ourselves into 1051 00:49:02,729 --> 00:48:59,349 a culture where we can be recorded much 1052 00:49:05,849 --> 00:49:02,739 much more in in more archival context 1053 00:49:11,059 --> 00:49:05,859 that lasts for four long swathes of the 1054 00:49:14,819 --> 00:49:11,069 future so so I tend away from an 1055 00:49:17,069 --> 00:49:14,829 interjection and influence sort of thing 1056 00:49:19,769 --> 00:49:17,079 again in in the presence of a time 1057 00:49:22,380 --> 00:49:19,779 machine that would be possible but I 1058 00:49:24,180 --> 00:49:22,390 think people come in from the future to 1059 00:49:27,620 --> 00:49:24,190 study the past would have strict limits 1060 00:49:32,130 --> 00:49:27,630 on how deeply they can really engage in 1061 00:49:34,259 --> 00:49:32,140 or or interact with the past certainly 1062 00:49:37,079 --> 00:49:34,269 you know like if the Roswell crash in 1063 00:49:39,210 --> 00:49:37,089 1947 took place that's a pretty big 1064 00:49:40,859 --> 00:49:39,220 interjection that seemingly was 1065 00:49:44,069 --> 00:49:40,869 unintentional I don't think anyone would 1066 00:49:46,440 --> 00:49:44,079 intend to go back and die and uh you 1067 00:49:52,410 --> 00:49:46,450 know time-travel research capacity but 1068 00:49:56,730 --> 00:49:52,420 but that that the accident may have 1069 00:49:59,540 --> 00:49:56,740 huge ramifications for our our ability 1070 00:50:02,160 --> 00:49:59,550 to you know not only develop a 1071 00:50:04,650 --> 00:50:02,170 technology the stick disk or 1072 00:50:07,680 --> 00:50:04,660 triangle-shaped craft that's able to use 1073 00:50:09,840 --> 00:50:07,690 you know a non vector propulsion system 1074 00:50:13,380 --> 00:50:09,850 probably something electromagnetic based 1075 00:50:16,110 --> 00:50:13,390 on reports that that allow it much a 1076 00:50:18,330 --> 00:50:16,120 much better ability to maneuver and fly 1077 00:50:20,400 --> 00:50:18,340 in the speed and and all of these things 1078 00:50:22,320 --> 00:50:20,410 that we see all of the time even being 1079 00:50:24,930 --> 00:50:22,330 tested you know in different places 1080 00:50:27,570 --> 00:50:24,940 there's lots of lots of videos authentic 1081 00:50:30,330 --> 00:50:27,580 videos of that but but that would have 1082 00:50:32,370 --> 00:50:30,340 to be considered a major inner 1083 00:50:34,350 --> 00:50:32,380 intervention not an intentional one an 1084 00:50:36,150 --> 00:50:34,360 unintentional one but certainly 1085 00:50:37,830 --> 00:50:36,160 something that that would not only give 1086 00:50:41,400 --> 00:50:37,840 us that leap forward in our technology 1087 00:50:44,850 --> 00:50:41,410 but also and this is kind of a 1088 00:50:47,370 --> 00:50:44,860 mind-bending aspect of time travel also 1089 00:50:49,260 --> 00:50:47,380 help create the same time machine that 1090 00:50:51,090 --> 00:50:49,270 was used to come back and crash at that 1091 00:50:52,980 --> 00:50:51,100 time which was then used to create the 1092 00:50:54,660 --> 00:50:52,990 same time machine that then comes back 1093 00:50:58,080 --> 00:50:54,670 and crashes at that time and so on and 1094 00:51:00,360 --> 00:50:58,090 so forth which which creates this this 1095 00:51:02,940 --> 00:51:00,370 interesting scenario it's not a paradox 1096 00:51:06,390 --> 00:51:02,950 in any way but an interesting scenario 1097 00:51:09,450 --> 00:51:06,400 in which the time machine if this is the 1098 00:51:12,330 --> 00:51:09,460 actual case if there was a crash 1947 we 1099 00:51:14,250 --> 00:51:12,340 do develop time travel technology partly 1100 00:51:17,640 --> 00:51:14,260 based on this machine from the future 1101 00:51:20,100 --> 00:51:17,650 capable of time travel then no one 1102 00:51:21,870 --> 00:51:20,110 created it if it was given to people in 1103 00:51:23,610 --> 00:51:21,880 the past who had no knowledge of it but 1104 00:51:25,020 --> 00:51:23,620 they reverse engineered it and were able 1105 00:51:27,210 --> 00:51:25,030 to create it to the point that it 1106 00:51:29,850 --> 00:51:27,220 becomes the thing that starts that 1107 00:51:32,010 --> 00:51:29,860 creation again it's really hard to say 1108 00:51:34,380 --> 00:51:32,020 that this person invented time machines 1109 00:51:37,230 --> 00:51:34,390 because it's always been a part of that 1110 00:51:41,240 --> 00:51:37,240 slice of fourth dimensional block time 1111 00:51:45,000 --> 00:51:41,250 without any clear beginning as to when 1112 00:51:49,560 --> 00:51:45,010 it was created outside of the context of 1113 00:51:52,380 --> 00:51:49,570 that crash so so yeah I think you know 1114 00:51:56,340 --> 00:51:52,390 there's a lot of reasons why we wouldn't 1115 00:51:58,770 --> 00:51:56,350 want to interact too overtly with the 1116 00:52:03,330 --> 00:51:58,780 past and in fact this helps explain why 1117 00:52:06,000 --> 00:52:03,340 UFO sightings are so you know so few and 1118 00:52:07,680 --> 00:52:06,010 far between why why why 1119 00:52:10,530 --> 00:52:07,690 somebody come from a different planet 1120 00:52:13,320 --> 00:52:10,540 you know millions of light-years away to 1121 00:52:14,940 --> 00:52:13,330 pick somebody up and you know anally 1122 00:52:17,880 --> 00:52:14,950 probe them and take some blood samples 1123 00:52:20,190 --> 00:52:17,890 and hair samples and and then just leave 1124 00:52:24,120 --> 00:52:20,200 you know without saying hi I'm from 1125 00:52:26,490 --> 00:52:24,130 Planet X 5 5 1 and this nebula and this 1126 00:52:29,460 --> 00:52:26,500 place I mean a big part of the book 1127 00:52:31,950 --> 00:52:29,470 points out just how improbable it is 1128 00:52:33,780 --> 00:52:31,960 that that we could ever find each other 1129 00:52:36,330 --> 00:52:33,790 if there are that the distance is in 1130 00:52:37,860 --> 00:52:36,340 between which are real physical 1131 00:52:40,950 --> 00:52:37,870 limitations a lot of people try to 1132 00:52:44,040 --> 00:52:40,960 downplay that but all the all the 1133 00:52:46,280 --> 00:52:44,050 astronomy physics research pretty 1134 00:52:50,250 --> 00:52:46,290 clearly states that it would it would be 1135 00:52:52,410 --> 00:52:50,260 extremely difficult to get anything to 1136 00:52:56,060 --> 00:52:52,420 another galaxy in any meaningful period 1137 00:52:58,860 --> 00:52:56,070 of time let alone the whole problem of 1138 00:53:00,090 --> 00:52:58,870 evolving on a different planet and and 1139 00:53:02,430 --> 00:53:00,100 what would we look like we certainly 1140 00:53:04,350 --> 00:53:02,440 wouldn't look anything like us some 1141 00:53:06,420 --> 00:53:04,360 people like to argue that you know 1142 00:53:07,950 --> 00:53:06,430 there's there's DNA there's genes and 1143 00:53:10,950 --> 00:53:07,960 things just unfold in the same way but 1144 00:53:12,870 --> 00:53:10,960 there's so many unique aspects of our 1145 00:53:14,880 --> 00:53:12,880 own evolutionary history that made us 1146 00:53:16,680 --> 00:53:14,890 the way we are that you couldn't just 1147 00:53:19,050 --> 00:53:16,690 presume that those will happen on 1148 00:53:20,670 --> 00:53:19,060 another planet with you know different 1149 00:53:22,640 --> 00:53:20,680 amount of gravity different climate 1150 00:53:25,380 --> 00:53:22,650 different distance from the Sun 1151 00:53:29,580 --> 00:53:25,390 different atmosphere maybe it's not even 1152 00:53:31,740 --> 00:53:29,590 the same sugar phosphate base nucleotide 1153 00:53:33,630 --> 00:53:31,750 DNA coding system that we have maybe 1154 00:53:36,090 --> 00:53:33,640 it's a completely different coding 1155 00:53:39,480 --> 00:53:36,100 system that that arose on those planets 1156 00:53:42,300 --> 00:53:39,490 so so yeah I think it's it's improbable 1157 00:53:44,370 --> 00:53:42,310 that we would really do too much to the 1158 00:53:47,970 --> 00:53:44,380 past we would probably go out of our way 1159 00:53:49,680 --> 00:53:47,980 not to and that's like I said one other 1160 00:53:52,140 --> 00:53:49,690 thing that sort of lends credence to 1161 00:53:54,660 --> 00:53:52,150 this time-travel hypothesis over an 1162 00:53:57,870 --> 00:53:54,670 extraterrestrial hypothesis because they 1163 00:53:59,910 --> 00:53:57,880 would seemingly make a great effort to 1164 00:54:03,210 --> 00:53:59,920 contact us if you drove to see your 1165 00:54:04,560 --> 00:54:03,220 friend you know 2,000 miles away you 1166 00:54:06,240 --> 00:54:04,570 wouldn't just sit outside their house 1167 00:54:08,520 --> 00:54:06,250 and watch them with binoculars you'd go 1168 00:54:10,890 --> 00:54:08,530 in there say hey boy how's it going you 1169 00:54:13,440 --> 00:54:10,900 know I haven't seen know what's up so so 1170 00:54:18,150 --> 00:54:13,450 just it doesn't make sense and honestly 1171 00:54:19,350 --> 00:54:18,160 this might sound I don't know it might 1172 00:54:21,780 --> 00:54:19,360 sound 1173 00:54:23,090 --> 00:54:21,790 a little presumptuous but I I really 1174 00:54:26,250 --> 00:54:23,100 think that the extra-terrestrial 1175 00:54:29,810 --> 00:54:26,260 hypothesis will will be dead in the next 1176 00:54:32,400 --> 00:54:29,820 five years I just I don't see how it can 1177 00:54:34,290 --> 00:54:32,410 I don't see how its sustain itself this 1178 00:54:36,720 --> 00:54:34,300 long there's just too many too many 1179 00:54:39,060 --> 00:54:36,730 variables too many questions too many 1180 00:54:42,120 --> 00:54:39,070 things that just don't seem to add up 1181 00:54:44,850 --> 00:54:42,130 with the idea of extraterrestrial life 1182 00:54:47,490 --> 00:54:44,860 visiting us from another planet and and 1183 00:54:50,220 --> 00:54:47,500 I don't know maybe maybe it's a little 1184 00:54:52,130 --> 00:54:50,230 overt to come out and say that but I I 1185 00:54:54,960 --> 00:54:52,140 think there's it I think it's a flawed 1186 00:54:57,210 --> 00:54:54,970 hypothesis it's a flawed concept and and 1187 00:55:00,360 --> 00:54:57,220 in the presence of one that can't 1188 00:55:02,550 --> 00:55:00,370 explain these things I think it's 1189 00:55:06,360 --> 00:55:02,560 inevitable that that will sort of move 1190 00:55:08,520 --> 00:55:06,370 away from not so you're saying you think 1191 00:55:10,380 --> 00:55:08,530 it's a lot more likely that it's more or 1192 00:55:11,910 --> 00:55:10,390 less sauce kind of looping back and 1193 00:55:14,910 --> 00:55:11,920 checking things out 1194 00:55:18,420 --> 00:55:14,920 I do yeah and and if you look at these 1195 00:55:21,330 --> 00:55:18,430 reports of abductions you know what 1196 00:55:23,430 --> 00:55:21,340 they're doing to us is exactly what what 1197 00:55:27,030 --> 00:55:23,440 we would do as paleoanthropologists as 1198 00:55:29,040 --> 00:55:27,040 biomedical researchers we would 1199 00:55:32,190 --> 00:55:29,050 incapacitate them lay them on a table 1200 00:55:35,280 --> 00:55:32,200 and and examined it's it's basically a 1201 00:55:38,970 --> 00:55:35,290 you know biomedical examination and and 1202 00:55:41,430 --> 00:55:38,980 that's that's what we would do the vast 1203 00:55:43,950 --> 00:55:41,440 majority of abduction reports describe 1204 00:55:47,700 --> 00:55:43,960 that very same thing some even put it in 1205 00:55:49,290 --> 00:55:47,710 the context of a biomedical exam over at 1206 00:55:51,720 --> 00:55:49,300 least stating that that they feel like 1207 00:55:54,780 --> 00:55:51,730 they were you know being visited by 1208 00:55:58,200 --> 00:55:54,790 doctors they they describe these people 1209 00:56:00,900 --> 00:55:58,210 as as doctors physicians biomedical 1210 00:56:03,000 --> 00:56:00,910 examiner's and and the fact that that's 1211 00:56:04,650 --> 00:56:03,010 what we would be doing to in the 1212 00:56:07,770 --> 00:56:04,660 capacity of trying to learn more about 1213 00:56:10,800 --> 00:56:07,780 our own evolutionary history our own 1214 00:56:12,450 --> 00:56:10,810 deep evolutionary past where we can get 1215 00:56:15,120 --> 00:56:12,460 more information because we're not just 1216 00:56:17,370 --> 00:56:15,130 digging through dirt looking for the the 1217 00:56:19,320 --> 00:56:17,380 material remains of past cultural groups 1218 00:56:22,950 --> 00:56:19,330 but we're we're studying them they're 1219 00:56:24,690 --> 00:56:22,960 living breathing physical form we can 1220 00:56:26,880 --> 00:56:24,700 study their language we can look at 1221 00:56:30,810 --> 00:56:26,890 their belief systems and we're not just 1222 00:56:32,730 --> 00:56:30,820 left to infer from what we find a small 1223 00:56:33,090 --> 00:56:32,740 sample of things that we find in the 1224 00:56:34,620 --> 00:56:33,100 ground 1225 00:56:37,770 --> 00:56:34,630 but we can we can get a really 1226 00:56:39,750 --> 00:56:37,780 broad-based holistic perspective of 1227 00:56:41,640 --> 00:56:39,760 their culture and biology which is what 1228 00:56:43,980 --> 00:56:41,650 we do in anthropology it's the holistic 1229 00:56:46,530 --> 00:56:43,990 and scientific study of humankind as a 1230 00:56:49,380 --> 00:56:46,540 biological and cultural entity we could 1231 00:56:52,350 --> 00:56:49,390 get all of that with this tool of 1232 00:56:53,760 --> 00:56:52,360 time-travel so see I very much do think 1233 00:56:56,670 --> 00:56:53,770 that's the case and the whole point of 1234 00:56:59,760 --> 00:56:56,680 the book is to to lay out all of these 1235 00:57:03,000 --> 00:56:59,770 things in one very comprehensive form to 1236 00:57:04,760 --> 00:57:03,010 present why scientifically this is a 1237 00:57:07,530 --> 00:57:04,770 better explanation for this phenomenon 1238 00:57:09,930 --> 00:57:07,540 and jumping ahead a little bit 1239 00:57:12,630 --> 00:57:09,940 maybe yeah the the numbers I've seen 1240 00:57:15,330 --> 00:57:12,640 maybe roughly thirty five forty thousand 1241 00:57:19,130 --> 00:57:15,340 years ago that's where you start to see 1242 00:57:21,990 --> 00:57:19,140 among humans as the the rise of a 1243 00:57:23,520 --> 00:57:22,000 civilization they're they start they 1244 00:57:26,160 --> 00:57:23,530 start building things within the next 1245 00:57:28,500 --> 00:57:26,170 few thousand years you see that the 1246 00:57:31,230 --> 00:57:28,510 paintings are the cave paintings things 1247 00:57:33,750 --> 00:57:31,240 like that and also stories from some of 1248 00:57:36,000 --> 00:57:33,760 those ancient people but visitors from 1249 00:57:38,520 --> 00:57:36,010 from somewhere else and gave them a lot 1250 00:57:40,410 --> 00:57:38,530 of these gifts how do those kind of 1251 00:57:46,290 --> 00:57:40,420 stories that play into your thinking on 1252 00:57:50,970 --> 00:57:46,300 this yeah I don't I I do there is a 1253 00:57:54,080 --> 00:57:50,980 chapter in the book that that's actually 1254 00:57:56,940 --> 00:57:54,090 called a brief history of time travelers 1255 00:58:00,720 --> 00:57:56,950 sort of a play on on Hawking's book a 1256 00:58:03,690 --> 00:58:00,730 brief history of time but yeah I you 1257 00:58:06,180 --> 00:58:03,700 know look at certain aspects of of our 1258 00:58:10,200 --> 00:58:06,190 prehistoric past our historic past a lot 1259 00:58:11,790 --> 00:58:10,210 of folklore a lot of you know oral 1260 00:58:16,530 --> 00:58:11,800 histories that have been passed down 1261 00:58:18,480 --> 00:58:16,540 that that describe you know very obscure 1262 00:58:20,250 --> 00:58:18,490 things that don't necessarily fit with 1263 00:58:23,100 --> 00:58:20,260 the culture of the people that lived at 1264 00:58:25,400 --> 00:58:23,110 those times and again I don't I don't 1265 00:58:29,040 --> 00:58:25,410 think there's a lot of direct 1266 00:58:31,740 --> 00:58:29,050 intentional intervention in the past but 1267 00:58:34,950 --> 00:58:31,750 to simply by being there you would 1268 00:58:39,780 --> 00:58:34,960 expect that to manifest itself in some 1269 00:58:41,490 --> 00:58:39,790 way you would expect them to recognize 1270 00:58:43,920 --> 00:58:41,500 that it's very strange you'd probably 1271 00:58:45,600 --> 00:58:43,930 expect them as people do now to think 1272 00:58:46,680 --> 00:58:45,610 that they came from space because you 1273 00:58:48,540 --> 00:58:46,690 would see this 1274 00:58:50,510 --> 00:58:48,550 crafts coming down from the sky and 1275 00:58:55,650 --> 00:58:50,520 instantly thank God it came from space 1276 00:58:59,880 --> 00:58:55,660 but but I don't feel like there needs to 1277 00:59:01,500 --> 00:58:59,890 be this alien explanation for everything 1278 00:59:04,099 --> 00:59:01,510 I think we've gotten a little out of 1279 00:59:06,780 --> 00:59:04,109 control as far as that goes 1280 00:59:08,910 --> 00:59:06,790 but there there's no doubt that certain 1281 00:59:11,460 --> 00:59:08,920 certain aspects of our historic and 1282 00:59:14,250 --> 00:59:11,470 prehistoric past describe things that 1283 00:59:16,980 --> 00:59:14,260 that would make sense in the context of 1284 00:59:19,559 --> 00:59:16,990 of people from the future coming back to 1285 00:59:21,990 --> 00:59:19,569 investigate people in the past and if 1286 00:59:25,829 --> 00:59:22,000 we're seeing it now if it's happening 1287 00:59:27,960 --> 00:59:25,839 now why wouldn't it be happening in the 1288 00:59:30,540 --> 00:59:27,970 past - there's nothing about us like I 1289 00:59:32,520 --> 00:59:30,550 said that makes us so interesting that 1290 00:59:34,380 --> 00:59:32,530 we'd be the only time period that future 1291 00:59:36,680 --> 00:59:34,390 humans would come to we'd want to know 1292 00:59:39,750 --> 00:59:36,690 about every part of the past and and 1293 00:59:43,109 --> 00:59:39,760 there's certain aspects of of us being 1294 00:59:45,059 --> 00:59:43,119 there at those points in time that we 1295 00:59:46,710 --> 00:59:45,069 would expect them to become manifested 1296 00:59:49,800 --> 00:59:46,720 and in the culture history of those 1297 00:59:51,210 --> 00:59:49,810 people the actual civilizations was a 1298 00:59:53,250 --> 00:59:51,220 little more recent it was mostly the 1299 00:59:55,500 --> 00:59:53,260 result of agriculture which was about 1300 00:59:58,950 --> 00:59:55,510 ten thousand years ago and it rose 1301 01:00:01,880 --> 00:59:58,960 independently and along the the Yellow 1302 01:00:04,920 --> 01:00:01,890 River the Yangtze River in China 1303 01:00:07,559 --> 01:00:04,930 Mesopotamia the Nile River Teotihuacan 1304 01:00:10,410 --> 01:00:07,569 valley of Mexico and in a couple other 1305 01:00:12,450 --> 01:00:10,420 places mostly because we started to 1306 01:00:15,260 --> 01:00:12,460 domesticate crops and and that was a 1307 01:00:17,550 --> 01:00:15,270 slow process - I mean you could go back 1308 01:00:20,970 --> 01:00:17,560 possibly as far as twelve thirteen 1309 01:00:24,120 --> 01:00:20,980 thousand years ago or we just started to 1310 01:00:26,190 --> 01:00:24,130 use crops and had noticed that at least 1311 01:00:28,290 --> 01:00:26,200 this is the the dominant theory of how 1312 01:00:30,890 --> 01:00:28,300 agriculture started that we started to 1313 01:00:33,270 --> 01:00:30,900 notice that they were growing up around 1314 01:00:36,150 --> 01:00:33,280 you know where we were living as we were 1315 01:00:38,609 --> 01:00:36,160 gathering them and then the the bigger 1316 01:00:41,309 --> 01:00:38,619 ones the bigger seeds produced the 1317 01:00:43,380 --> 01:00:41,319 biggest plant so we started to to select 1318 01:00:45,300 --> 01:00:43,390 for those to get a bigger yield and 1319 01:00:48,120 --> 01:00:45,310 started to plant them around where we 1320 01:00:50,280 --> 01:00:48,130 lived and started domesticate gregarious 1321 01:00:51,690 --> 01:00:50,290 animals and and all of this started 1322 01:00:53,700 --> 01:00:51,700 around ten thousand years ago and then 1323 01:00:55,910 --> 01:00:53,710 civilizations rose up around those 1324 01:00:59,830 --> 01:00:55,920 mostly because we had a surplus of food 1325 01:01:02,050 --> 01:00:59,840 with agriculture that could allow people 1326 01:01:04,300 --> 01:01:02,060 you divorce themselves from the burdens 1327 01:01:06,130 --> 01:01:04,310 of getting food not everybody had to go 1328 01:01:07,810 --> 01:01:06,140 out and hunt and gather not everybody 1329 01:01:10,360 --> 01:01:07,820 had to work in the fields because they 1330 01:01:13,120 --> 01:01:10,370 could trade their time and what they 1331 01:01:15,190 --> 01:01:13,130 were making for the surplus that's being 1332 01:01:17,050 --> 01:01:15,200 produced by people involved in 1333 01:01:18,340 --> 01:01:17,060 agriculture so that that gave us a whole 1334 01:01:20,080 --> 01:01:18,350 nobility class 1335 01:01:22,990 --> 01:01:20,090 it gave us a ruling class that gave us 1336 01:01:24,880 --> 01:01:23,000 military that military started to act to 1337 01:01:27,220 --> 01:01:24,890 take over neighbouring groups and steal 1338 01:01:29,860 --> 01:01:27,230 their resources and then we have an even 1339 01:01:33,940 --> 01:01:29,870 bigger stratification in society of a 1340 01:01:36,640 --> 01:01:33,950 slave caste now and populations grew 1341 01:01:38,710 --> 01:01:36,650 largely out of that agricultural 1342 01:01:40,890 --> 01:01:38,720 revolution that began during the 1343 01:01:44,610 --> 01:01:40,900 Neolithic about ten thousand years ago 1344 01:01:47,080 --> 01:01:44,620 but again there doesn't need to be an 1345 01:01:48,970 --> 01:01:47,090 extra-terrestrial explanation there it 1346 01:01:51,430 --> 01:01:48,980 doesn't it doesn't have to be the people 1347 01:01:54,130 --> 01:01:51,440 from the future created this it just 1348 01:01:56,230 --> 01:01:54,140 it's an obvious step forward from what 1349 01:01:57,970 --> 01:01:56,240 we are already doing at that time and it 1350 01:02:00,370 --> 01:01:57,980 helps solve a lot of problems too we 1351 01:02:03,010 --> 01:02:00,380 have climate change taking place a lot 1352 01:02:05,050 --> 01:02:03,020 of the big delicious animals that we're 1353 01:02:08,290 --> 01:02:05,060 eating like mammoths mastodons woolly 1354 01:02:11,740 --> 01:02:08,300 rhinoceros they were all dying out what 1355 01:02:13,600 --> 01:02:11,750 do you do when this really large source 1356 01:02:15,760 --> 01:02:13,610 of food starts disappearing you you 1357 01:02:19,170 --> 01:02:15,770 adapt you adapt migrate or die and we 1358 01:02:21,850 --> 01:02:19,180 adapted by by harnessing the power of 1359 01:02:23,650 --> 01:02:21,860 Agriculture and domestication around 1360 01:02:26,800 --> 01:02:23,660 that same time and obviously with the 1361 01:02:28,960 --> 01:02:26,810 climate warming it became more possible 1362 01:02:31,090 --> 01:02:28,970 to do so too to actually grow crops and 1363 01:02:35,740 --> 01:02:31,100 what were previously environments that 1364 01:02:37,900 --> 01:02:35,750 were too cold to do so okay well you got 1365 01:02:39,640 --> 01:02:37,910 the book coming out that is going to 1366 01:02:40,780 --> 01:02:39,650 come out in the spring that's a your 1367 01:02:46,420 --> 01:02:40,790 target published 1368 01:02:49,390 --> 01:02:46,430 yeah around March 15th open open that we 1369 01:02:51,250 --> 01:02:49,400 can meet that deadline got some good 1370 01:02:53,710 --> 01:02:51,260 people working on the project with me 1371 01:02:55,210 --> 01:02:53,720 and I certainly think we should be able 1372 01:02:57,850 --> 01:02:55,220 to maybe even earlier we'll probably 1373 01:03:00,220 --> 01:02:57,860 start doing presale and early February 1374 01:03:02,380 --> 01:03:00,230 in fact so yeah it's it's coming up it's 1375 01:03:04,690 --> 01:03:02,390 it's almost done and almost ready to hit 1376 01:03:05,080 --> 01:03:04,700 the presses and you sound pretty excited 1377 01:03:07,600 --> 01:03:05,090 about it 1378 01:03:10,570 --> 01:03:07,610 I am yeah it's been a it's been a long 1379 01:03:13,330 --> 01:03:10,580 journey it's been a big project that the 1380 01:03:13,740 --> 01:03:13,340 you know and and if it was just the book 1381 01:03:15,750 --> 01:03:13,750 it 1382 01:03:17,660 --> 01:03:15,760 would have been done a long time ago but 1383 01:03:20,220 --> 01:03:17,670 with with teaching and you know 1384 01:03:22,710 --> 01:03:20,230 researching and and doing these these 1385 01:03:24,600 --> 01:03:22,720 other things service is a big part of 1386 01:03:27,060 --> 01:03:24,610 our jobs that most people don't 1387 01:03:29,280 --> 01:03:27,070 recognize that the professor's are 1388 01:03:31,620 --> 01:03:29,290 expected to de mentor and be on 1389 01:03:34,770 --> 01:03:31,630 committees and engage the community and 1390 01:03:38,280 --> 01:03:34,780 things like that but it's it's it's been 1391 01:03:40,680 --> 01:03:38,290 a big project in the six years and yeah 1392 01:03:42,510 --> 01:03:40,690 I'm really excited to see it coming to 1393 01:03:45,120 --> 01:03:42,520 fruition and and and honestly I'm 1394 01:03:46,590 --> 01:03:45,130 excited about what it's become there's 1395 01:03:49,110 --> 01:03:46,600 been a lot of really intelligent people 1396 01:03:52,050 --> 01:03:49,120 that have read versions of this along 1397 01:03:53,970 --> 01:03:52,060 the way and provided important feedback 1398 01:03:57,090 --> 01:03:53,980 and insight it's been a very 1399 01:03:59,850 --> 01:03:57,100 collaborative project in many ways and 1400 01:04:02,850 --> 01:03:59,860 I'm kind of excited as to what it's 1401 01:04:07,980 --> 01:04:02,860 become as a result of that process and 1402 01:04:11,100 --> 01:04:07,990 jumping into the the UFO realm a little 1403 01:04:15,030 --> 01:04:11,110 bit that have you gotten any feedback as 1404 01:04:18,660 --> 01:04:15,040 far as that goes oh yeah definitely have 1405 01:04:21,990 --> 01:04:18,670 been been talking with a lot of people 1406 01:04:25,680 --> 01:04:22,000 mostly on Twitter actually a good bit on 1407 01:04:28,920 --> 01:04:25,690 Facebook too I post I post updates from 1408 01:04:30,800 --> 01:04:28,930 the book and little snippets as I'm 1409 01:04:34,440 --> 01:04:30,810 going through the last content at it on 1410 01:04:37,740 --> 01:04:34,450 Facebook and people you know I've been 1411 01:04:40,650 --> 01:04:37,750 excited about those we just hosted a 1412 01:04:42,270 --> 01:04:40,660 little festival the other day and people 1413 01:04:43,980 --> 01:04:42,280 would come up and say I've really been 1414 01:04:46,260 --> 01:04:43,990 enjoying these these little snippets I'm 1415 01:04:49,500 --> 01:04:46,270 excited about the book and people in the 1416 01:04:51,210 --> 01:04:49,510 UFO community too and a really 1417 01:04:54,420 --> 01:04:51,220 interesting conversations on Twitter 1418 01:04:56,670 --> 01:04:54,430 just doing interviews like this and and 1419 01:04:58,200 --> 01:04:56,680 talking to people there's there's it's 1420 01:05:01,680 --> 01:04:58,210 been really really fun and really 1421 01:05:05,370 --> 01:05:01,690 interesting to just continue to to grow 1422 01:05:06,780 --> 01:05:05,380 it evolve the idea you know it's like I 1423 01:05:09,180 --> 01:05:06,790 said it's been a collaborative project 1424 01:05:11,880 --> 01:05:09,190 working with you know peer reviewers and 1425 01:05:14,150 --> 01:05:11,890 beta readers but but honestly you know 1426 01:05:17,490 --> 01:05:14,160 just just talking with people over 1427 01:05:19,370 --> 01:05:17,500 probably the last 25 years 1428 01:05:21,990 --> 01:05:19,380 I remember you know laying in fields 1429 01:05:24,120 --> 01:05:22,000 rapping with friends and junior high 1430 01:05:26,520 --> 01:05:24,130 high school about the same question and 1431 01:05:27,630 --> 01:05:26,530 it's it's obviously evolved a lot since 1432 01:05:30,749 --> 01:05:27,640 then but 1433 01:05:33,120 --> 01:05:30,759 it's uh yeah it's it's it's been really 1434 01:05:36,269 --> 01:05:33,130 interesting and really enlightening for 1435 01:05:37,410 --> 01:05:36,279 me as well and you went to high school I 1436 01:05:39,120 --> 01:05:37,420 did a little bit of background research 1437 01:05:40,859 --> 01:05:39,130 you went to high school not far from the 1438 01:05:43,709 --> 01:05:40,869 Hall of Fame City Canton Ohio 1439 01:05:45,809 --> 01:05:43,719 that's right that's right yeah Orvil 1440 01:05:48,499 --> 01:05:45,819 Ohio just just down the street from 1441 01:05:54,089 --> 01:05:48,509 Canton actually home of Smuckers jelly 1442 01:05:57,180 --> 01:05:54,099 okay now you are out west teaching yeah 1443 01:06:01,469 --> 01:05:57,190 yeah Mount Montana now I've been here 1444 01:06:03,749 --> 01:06:01,479 for about nine years work in it a 1445 01:06:08,069 --> 01:06:03,759 top-rated university in the Northwest 1446 01:06:10,609 --> 01:06:08,079 Montana Tech and yeah I love it out here 1447 01:06:13,799 --> 01:06:10,619 it's it's great so many opportunities to 1448 01:06:16,620 --> 01:06:13,809 to just get out in nature and and really 1449 01:06:20,009 --> 01:06:16,630 take advantage of what what nature has 1450 01:06:26,609 --> 01:06:20,019 to offer I guess yeah Midwestern er 1451 01:06:28,109 --> 01:06:26,619 living in the mountains now I remember 1452 01:06:31,440 --> 01:06:28,119 that for my days living out there myself 1453 01:06:34,049 --> 01:06:31,450 yeah down in southern Ohio I was lucky 1454 01:06:38,549 --> 01:06:34,059 to go to school in Ohio University we 1455 01:06:41,069 --> 01:06:38,559 had we had Hills yeah yeah we had a 1456 01:06:43,620 --> 01:06:41,079 little bit to go up and down on it was 1457 01:06:45,569 --> 01:06:43,630 it was a nice place to be but yeah you 1458 01:06:50,249 --> 01:06:45,579 write the rest of the states mostly 1459 01:06:52,890 --> 01:06:50,259 cornfields dr. masters it was great 1460 01:06:56,309 --> 01:06:52,900 having you on this morning very 1461 01:06:59,459 --> 01:06:56,319 interesting subjects some very 1462 01:07:02,640 --> 01:06:59,469 interesting speculations that may or may 1463 01:07:05,249 --> 01:07:02,650 not go over with the UFO community but 1464 01:07:07,739 --> 01:07:05,259 interesting nevertheless certainly yes 1465 01:07:09,150 --> 01:07:07,749 something well worth considering thanks 1466 01:07:11,279 --> 01:07:09,160 so much for joining me today it was 1467 01:07:14,430 --> 01:07:11,289 great yeah I appreciate you having me I 1468 01:07:17,099 --> 01:07:14,440 would like to point out though that it's 1469 01:07:20,099 --> 01:07:17,109 I don't feel like it needs to be 1470 01:07:24,660 --> 01:07:20,109 mutually exclusive that you know I don't 1471 01:07:26,789 --> 01:07:24,670 feel like by explaining this with a time 1472 01:07:29,370 --> 01:07:26,799 travel model that it needs to be 1473 01:07:31,680 --> 01:07:29,380 something that that's looked critically 1474 01:07:34,109 --> 01:07:31,690 upon by the UFO community I really do 1475 01:07:36,839 --> 01:07:34,119 believe that that it's it's the 1476 01:07:40,769 --> 01:07:36,849 scientific explanation you know that 1477 01:07:41,460 --> 01:07:40,779 that tries to avoid speculation so far 1478 01:07:43,109 --> 01:07:41,470 has been very 1479 01:07:45,390 --> 01:07:43,119 well received by the UFO community I 1480 01:07:48,210 --> 01:07:45,400 think it'll continue to be because it 1481 01:07:51,690 --> 01:07:48,220 doesn't it doesn't take away it only 1482 01:07:53,730 --> 01:07:51,700 adds to the knowledge from what I've 1483 01:07:55,920 --> 01:07:53,740 seen that I've been looking at this 1484 01:07:59,940 --> 01:07:55,930 seriously maybe not quite a decade now 1485 01:08:01,620 --> 01:07:59,950 and it's a pretty idea driven the ideas 1486 01:08:03,570 --> 01:08:01,630 are interesting the riff kicking around 1487 01:08:05,160 --> 01:08:03,580 they're worth discussing I think 1488 01:08:07,760 --> 01:08:05,170 generally there they will be pretty 1489 01:08:10,620 --> 01:08:07,770 embraced I don't see too many dogmatists 1490 01:08:12,660 --> 01:08:10,630 there's there's a couple there's there's 1491 01:08:14,820 --> 01:08:12,670 a few there's a few but not too many no 1492 01:08:16,860 --> 01:08:14,830 you're right I've actually I'd like to I 1493 01:08:20,579 --> 01:08:16,870 definitely like to go on record say and 1494 01:08:21,959 --> 01:08:20,589 I've been really excited so far I mean 1495 01:08:24,300 --> 01:08:21,969 I've only been talking about this for 1496 01:08:26,430 --> 01:08:24,310 about a month but but the reception it's 1497 01:08:28,829 --> 01:08:26,440 it's received in the UFO community has 1498 01:08:30,570 --> 01:08:28,839 been overwhelmingly positive and and 1499 01:08:32,849 --> 01:08:30,580 it's been really great to work with 1500 01:08:35,309 --> 01:08:32,859 these people and and talk to them and 1501 01:08:36,870 --> 01:08:35,319 and learn from them - like I said I mean 1502 01:08:39,570 --> 01:08:36,880 it's it's it's a growing evolving 1503 01:08:41,849 --> 01:08:39,580 project and and will always be that's 1504 01:08:44,789 --> 01:08:41,859 that's the main point of doing this is 1505 01:08:47,519 --> 01:08:44,799 to bring a new perspective and a new you 1506 01:08:50,099 --> 01:08:47,529 know rigorous scientific perspective and 1507 01:08:52,829 --> 01:08:50,109 I think I think people want that and 1508 01:08:56,340 --> 01:08:52,839 thus far it's it's been indicated by 1509 01:08:58,349 --> 01:08:56,350 their reception so I'm excited to work 1510 01:09:01,320 --> 01:08:58,359 with the UFO community in this capacity 1511 01:09:02,910 --> 01:09:01,330 and I don't know you're likely aware of 1512 01:09:05,550 --> 01:09:02,920 this but it hasn't come up to this point 1513 01:09:08,099 --> 01:09:05,560 but one of the more famous cases of the 1514 01:09:10,800 --> 01:09:08,109 last half century or so is the 1515 01:09:13,320 --> 01:09:10,810 Rendlesham forest case and one of the 1516 01:09:15,870 --> 01:09:13,330 key witnesses in that case was a an 1517 01:09:18,450 --> 01:09:15,880 airman named Jim Penniston who has 1518 01:09:21,269 --> 01:09:18,460 openly discussed his feelings of that 1519 01:09:23,010 --> 01:09:21,279 it's a very much time travelers from the 1520 01:09:24,990 --> 01:09:23,020 future us from the future that's what 1521 01:09:26,430 --> 01:09:25,000 yeah he feels he's encountered there so 1522 01:09:29,760 --> 01:09:26,440 I I don't know if you're familiar with 1523 01:09:32,820 --> 01:09:29,770 that or had any dealings with Jim 1524 01:09:33,269 --> 01:09:32,830 directly but you're certainly not alone 1525 01:09:36,510 --> 01:09:33,279 out there 1526 01:09:38,880 --> 01:09:36,520 well it's you're not alone at all as far 1527 01:09:41,610 --> 01:09:38,890 as that idea that's awesome yeah it's 1528 01:09:43,680 --> 01:09:41,620 good to hear and and you know if the 1529 01:09:47,820 --> 01:09:43,690 chip so far where they may well like 1530 01:09:49,090 --> 01:09:47,830 were you not aware I had I have heard 1531 01:09:51,849 --> 01:09:49,100 his name yeah 1532 01:09:54,640 --> 01:09:51,859 then about him touching the craft and he 1533 01:09:56,170 --> 01:09:54,650 received this sort of flash and that 1534 01:09:59,050 --> 01:09:56,180 understood that they were from time 1535 01:10:01,930 --> 01:09:59,060 rather than space so yeah and then you 1536 01:10:05,170 --> 01:10:01,940 had on your show recently one of his 1537 01:10:07,450 --> 01:10:05,180 colleagues John John Burroughs yeah I 1538 01:10:09,370 --> 01:10:07,460 listen to that interview it's really 1539 01:10:12,580 --> 01:10:09,380 good a really good episode of the 1540 01:10:15,820 --> 01:10:12,590 program but ya know it's it's not it's 1541 01:10:18,070 --> 01:10:15,830 not an idea that you know I came up with 1542 01:10:20,860 --> 01:10:18,080 myself I I thought of it independently 1543 01:10:23,830 --> 01:10:20,870 when I was 8 but you know it's it's an 1544 01:10:27,310 --> 01:10:23,840 idea that that has been around and and I 1545 01:10:30,280 --> 01:10:27,320 think you know in the near future it's 1546 01:10:32,410 --> 01:10:30,290 going to become a more prominent model 1547 01:10:34,570 --> 01:10:32,420 to explain this phenomenon but but like 1548 01:10:37,540 --> 01:10:34,580 I said you know all I can do is put out 1549 01:10:41,260 --> 01:10:37,550 the research that I've done build this 1550 01:10:43,810 --> 01:10:41,270 case and then you know looking at the 1551 01:10:45,670 --> 01:10:43,820 research of others collectively going 1552 01:10:53,500 --> 01:10:45,680 forward you know just try to make sense 1553 01:11:00,340 --> 01:10:55,690 yeah it's called identified flying 1554 01:11:02,890 --> 01:11:00,350 objects I'm assuming that when it does 1555 01:11:04,900 --> 01:11:02,900 come out the easy spot is Amazon but 1556 01:11:07,470 --> 01:11:04,910 there'll be others as well where could 1557 01:11:10,960 --> 01:11:07,480 pick it up yep all major distributors 1558 01:11:13,360 --> 01:11:10,970 Amazon's probably the easiest and the 1559 01:11:15,510 --> 01:11:13,370 the best as far as that goes but but 1560 01:11:19,330 --> 01:11:15,520 yeah it'll be widely available for sure 1561 01:11:21,010 --> 01:11:19,340 fantastic well dr. you enjoy the rest of 1562 01:11:22,960 --> 01:11:21,020 your weekend I'm gonna try here you got 1563 01:11:25,210 --> 01:11:22,970 that being out west you've got a little 1564 01:11:27,750 --> 01:11:25,220 bit more time ahead of you today but 1565 01:11:30,400 --> 01:11:27,760 thanks so very much for joining us and 1566 01:11:32,920 --> 01:11:30,410 we will have some more shows in the 1567 01:11:35,890 --> 01:11:32,930 future by yeah co-host James who's on 1568 01:11:38,430 --> 01:11:35,900 assignment again this week says he's got 1569 01:11:40,450 --> 01:11:38,440 some good names for us lined up so 1570 01:11:42,250 --> 01:11:40,460 everybody yeah by all means 1571 01:11:44,890 --> 01:11:42,260 tune in in the future tell your friends 1572 01:11:46,930 --> 01:11:44,900 all about it doctor thanks once again 1573 01:11:48,220 --> 01:11:46,940 for joining us thank you so much 1574 01:11:49,660 --> 01:11:48,230 appreciate having me Frank cuz I'm 1575 01:11:53,410 --> 01:11:49,670 talkin to you thanks a lot you have a 1576 01:11:58,360 --> 01:11:53,420 great day bye bye dick him and that's 1577 01:12:02,080 --> 01:11:58,370 that we will be back in the future just 1578 01:12:04,030 --> 01:12:02,090 like our just like our future friends